Heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient in 3D gluon plasma

We study the heavy-quark momentum diffusion coefficient in far from equilibrium gluon plasma in a self-similar regime using real-time lattice techniques. We use 3 methods for the extraction: an unequal time electric field 2-point correlator integrated over the time difference, a spectral reconstruction (SR) method based on the measured equal time electric field correlator and a kinetic theory (KT) formula. The time-evolution of the momentum diffusion coefficient extracted using all methods is consistent with an approximate t(-1/2) power law. We also study the extracted diffusion coefficient as a function of the upper limit of the time integration and observe that including the infrared enhancement of the equal-time correlation function in the SR calculation improves the agreement with the data for transient time behavior considerably. This is a gauge invariant confirmation of the infrared enhancement previously observed only in gauge fixed correlation functions.Peer reviewe

Spectral function for overoccupied gluodynamics from real-time lattice simulations

We study the spectral properties of a highly occupied non-Abelian nonequilibrium plasma appearing ubiquitously in weak coupling descriptions of QCD matter. The spectral function of this far-from-equilibrium plasma is measured by employing linear response theory in classical-statistical real-time lattice Yang-Mills simulations. We establish the existence of transversely and longitudinally polarized quasi-particles and obtain their dispersion relations, effective mass, plasmon frequency, damping rate and further structures in the spectral and statistical functions. Our new method can be interpreted as a nonperturbative generalization of hard thermal loop (HTL) effective theory. We see indications that our results approach leading order HTL in the appropriate limit. The method can also be employed beyond the range of validity of HTL.Peer reviewe

Heavy quark diffusion in an overoccupied gluon plasma

We extract the heavy-quark diffusion coefficient kappa and the resulting momentum broadening in a far-from-equilibrium non-Abelian plasma. We find several features in the time dependence of the momentum broadening: a short initial rapid growth of , followed by linear growth with time due to Langevin-type dynamics and damped oscillations around this growth at the plasmon frequency. We show that these novel oscillations are not easily explained using perturbative techniques but result from an excess of gluons at low momenta. These oscillation are therefore a gauge invariant confirmation of the infrared enhancement we had previously observed in gauge-fixed correlation functions. We argue that the kinetic theory description of such systems becomes less reliable in the presence of this IR enhancement.Peer reviewe

SPECTRAL FUNCTION FOR OVEROCCUPIED GLUODYNAMICS FROM CLASSICAL LATTICE SIMULATIONS

We study the spectral properties of an overoccupied gluonic system far from equilibrium. Using classical Yang-Mills simulations and linear response theory, we determine the statistical and spectral functions. We measure dispersion relations and damping rates of transversally and longitudinally polarized excitations in the gluonic plasma, and also study further structures in the spectral function.Peer reviewe

Time evolution of linearized gauge field fluctuations on a real-time lattice

Classical real-time lattice simulations play an important role in understanding non-equilibrium phenomena in gauge theories and are used in particular to model the prethermal evolution of heavy-ion collisions. Due to instabilities, small quantum fluctuations on top of the classical background may significantly affect the dynamics of the system. In this paper we argue for the need for a numerical calculation of a system of classical gauge fields and small linearized fluctuations in a way that keeps the separation between the two manifest. We derive and test an explicit algorithm to solve these equations on the lattice, maintaining gauge invariance and Gauss' law.Peer reviewe

Modern empirical and modelling study approaches in fluvial geomorphology to elucidate sub-bend-scale meander dynamics

Major developments in theory and modelling techniques have taken place within the past couple of decades in the field of the fluvial geomorphology. In this review, we examine the state-of-the-art empirical and modelling approaches and discuss their potential benefits and shortcomings in deepening understanding of the sub-bend-scale fluvial geomorphology of meander bends. Meandering rivers represent very complex 3D flow and sedimentary processes. We focus on high-resolution techniques which have improved the spatial and temporal resolution of the data and thereby enabled investigation of processes, which have been thus far beyond the capacity of the measurement techniques. This review covers the measurement techniques applied in the field and in laboratory circumstances as well as the close-range remote sensing techniques and computational approaches. We discuss the key research questions in fluvial geomorphology of meander bends and demonstrate how the contemporary approaches have been and could be applied to solve these questions.</jats:p

Two-color QCD via dimensional reduction

We study the thermodynamics of two-color QCD at high temperature and/or density using a dimensionally reduced superrenormalizable effective theory, formulated in terms of a coarse grained Wilson line. In the absence of quarks, the theory is required to respect the Z(2) center symmetry, while the effects of quarks of arbitrary masses and chemical potentials are introduced via soft Z(2) breaking operators. Perturbative matching of the effective theory parameters to the full theory is carried out explicitly, and it is argued how the new theory can be used to explore the phase diagram of two-color QCD.Comment: 17 pages, 1 eps figure, jheppub style; v2: minor update, references added, published versio

Hydroxychloroquine is Metabolized by Cytochrome P450 2D6, 3A4 and 2C8, and Inhibits Cytochrome P450 2D6, while its Metabolites also Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A in vitro

This study aimed to explore the cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic and inhibitory profile of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Hydroxychloro-quine metabolism was studied using human liver microsomes (HLMs) and recombinant CYP enzymes. The inhibitory effects of HCQ and its metabolites on nine CYPs were also determined in HLMs, us-ing an automated substrate cocktail method. Our metabolism data in-dicated that CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP2C8 are the key enzymes involved in HCQ metabolism. All three CYPs formed the primary me-tabolites desethylchloroquine (DCQ) and desethylhydroxychloro-quine (DHCQ) to various degrees. Although the intrinsic clearance (CLint) value of HCQ depletion by recombinant CYP2D6 was > 10-fold higher than that by CYP3A4 (0.87 versus 0.075 mu l/min/pmol), scaling of recombinant CYP CLint to HLM level resulted in almost equal HLM CLint values for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 (11 and 14 mu l/min/mg, respec-tively). The scaled HLM CLint of CYP2C8 was 5.7 mu l/min/mg. Data from HLM experiments with CYP-selective inhibitors also suggested rela-tively equal roles for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in HCQ metabolism, with a smaller contribution by CYP2C8. In CYP inhibition experiments, HCQ, DCQ, DHCQ, and the secondary metabolite didesethylchloroquine were direct CYP2D6 inhibitors, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) val- ues between 18 and 135 mu M. HCQ did not inhibit other CYPs. Further- more, all metabolites were time-dependent CYP3A inhibitors (IC50 shift 2.2-3.4). To conclude, HCQ is metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP2C8 in vitro. HCQ and its metabolites are reversible CYP2D6 inhibi- tors, and HCQ metabolites are time-dependent CYP3A inhibitors. These data can be used to improve physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models and update drug-drug interaction risk estimations for HCQ.Peer reviewe

Highly occupied gauge theories in 2+1 dimensions : A self-similar attractor

Motivated by the boost-invariant Glasma state in the initial stages in heavy-ion collisions, we perform classical-statistical simulations of SU(2) gauge theory in 2 + 1 dimensional space-time both with and without a scalar field in the adjoint representation. We show that irrespective of the details of the initial condition, the far-from-equilibrium evolution of these highly occupied systems approaches a unique universal attractor at high momenta that is the same for the gauge and scalar sectors. We extract the scaling exponents and the form of the distribution function close to this nonthermal fixed point. We find that the dynamics are governed by an energy cascade to higher momenta with scaling exponents alpha = 3 beta and beta = -1/5. We argue that these values can be obtained from parametric estimates within kinetic theory indicating the dominance of small momentum transfer in the scattering processes. We also extract the Debye mass nonperturbatively from a longitudinally polarized correlator and observe an IR enhancement of the scalar correlation function for low momenta below the Debye mass.Peer reviewe

Core-collapse supernova explosions triggered by a quark-hadron phase transition during the early post-bounce phase

We explore explosions of massive stars, which are triggered via the quark-hadron phase transition during the early post bounce phase of core-collapse supernovae. We construct a quark equation of state, based on the bag model for strange quark matter. The transition between the hadronic and the quark phases is constructed applying Gibbs conditions. The resulting quark-hadron hybrid equations of state are used in core-collapse supernova simulations, based on general relativistic radiation hydrodynamics and three flavor Boltzmann neutrino transport in spherical symmetry. The formation of a mixed phase reduces the adiabatic index, which induces the gravitational collapse of the central protoneutron star. The collapse halts in the pure quark phase, where the adiabatic index increases. A strong accretion shock forms, which propagates towards the protoneutron star surface. Due to the density decrease of several orders of magnitude, the accretion shock turns into a dynamic shock with matter outflow. This moment defines the onset of the explosion in supernova models that allow for a quark-hadron phase transition, where otherwise no explosions could be obtained. The shock propagation across the neutrinospheres releases a burst of neutrinos. This serves as a strong observable identification for the structural reconfiguration of the stellar core. The ejected matter expands on a short timescale and remains neutron-rich. These conditions might be suitable for the production of heavy elements via the r-process. The neutron-rich material is followed by proton-rich neutrino-driven ejecta in the later cooling phase of the protoneutron star where the vp-process might occur.Comment: 29 pages, 24 figures, submitted to Ap