Kerrostalo Ikaalisiin

Tiivistelmä. Kandidaatintyöni on yhteisprojekti, johon kuuluu asemakaavasuunnittelun sekä asuntosuunnittelun kurssit. Asemakaavasuunnittelun kurssilla suunnittelualueena toimi Ikaalisten Vanha Kauppala, johon laadittiin uuden asemakaavan lisäksi mm. aluesuunnitelma ja -leikkaukset. Asuntosuunnittelun kurssilla suunniteltu kerrostalo pohjautui itse laaditun asemakaavan suunnitelmiin ja määräyksiin. Asemakaavasuunnittelun kurssilla tavoittelin alueen houkuttavuuden lisäämistä erityisesti lapsiperheille, jonka myötä määräsin alueelle rakennutettavaksi päiväkodin, päivittäistavarakaupan, uudistettuja kerrostalokortteleita sekä erillispientaloja järvimaisemilla, sekä paransin kevyen liikenteen väyliä ja ulkoilumahdollisuuksia niin Kauppalassa kuin Toivolansaaressa. Kunnioittaen Vanhan Kauppalan vanhaa rakennuskantaa asetin kerrostalot puurakenteisiksi ja korkeintaan nelikerroksisiksi. Kerrostalokortteleista halusin yhteisöllisiä ja ympäristöön yhdistyviä, jonka myötä piha-alueet ovat suuria ja toimivat kaikille korttelin rakennuksille ja asukkaille. Asuntosuunnittelun kurssilla valitsin tarkempaan suunnitteluun kerrostalon alueen pohjoispäädystä. Rakennuksella on miellyttävä sijainti virkistysalueen ja sataman välittömässä läheisyydessä, ja se sulautuu maastonmuotoihin porrastetun kattomaailman ansiosta. Eri korkuiset osat rakennuksessa loi mahdollisuuden tutkia paritalo- ja kerrostaloasumisen yhdistämistä, ja lopulta suunnittelin matalampaan osaan kaksikerroksiset neliöt omilla sisäänkäynneillä ja pihoilla. Kerrostaloa suunnitellessa pidin mielessä asemakaavakurssin tavoitteet, minkä myötä rakennukseen sijoittui lähinnä perheasuntoja ja muutama kaksio, yhteistiloja ja suuri korttelipiha-alue. Esteettömyys, iäkkäämpi väestö ja lapset on otettu huomioon kaikkien tilojen suunnittelussa. Rakennus on CLT-rakenteinen kuultokäsitellyllä kuusiulkoverhouksella, joka sopeuttaa sen Vanhan Kauppalan suojeltuihin puurakennuksiin. Rakennuksen piha-alue on vehreä ja tuo puistomaista miljöötä kerrostalojen keskelle. Pihasuunnittelun tärkein tavoite oli luoda aktiivinen pihapiiri, joka toimii kohtaamispaikkana koko korttelin asukkaille. Näin ollen pihalta löytyy toimintoja jokaiselle perheen pienimmistä iäkkäämpään väestöön, sekä esteetön kulku on vaivatonta terassirakenteen ansiosta. Rakennuksen kattoterassi lisää ulkoilumahdollisuuksia talon asukkaille, terassilta löytyy mm. istutuslaatikoita ja katettua oleskelutilaa. Kattoterassin viherkatto sulauttaa myös kerrostalon ympäröivään vehreyteen

SPIDERS : overview of the X-ray galaxy cluster follow-up and the final spectroscopic data release

SPIDERS (The SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources) is a large spectroscopic programme for X-ray selected galaxy clusters as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-IV (SDSS-IV). We describe the final data set in the context of SDSS Data Release 16 (DR16): the survey overall characteristics, final targeting strategies, achieved completeness, and spectral quality, with special emphasis on its use as a galaxy cluster sample for cosmology applications. SPIDERS now consists of about 27 000 new optical spectra of galaxies selected within 4000 photometric red sequences, each associated with an X-ray source. The excellent spectrograph efficiency and a robust analysis pipeline yield a spectroscopic redshift measurement success rate exceeding 98 per cent, with a median velocity accuracy of 20 kms(-1) (at z = 0.2). Using the catalogue of 2740 X-ray galaxy clusters confirmed with DR16 spectroscopy, we reveal the 3D map of the galaxy cluster distribution in the observable Universe up to z similar to 0.6. We highlight the homogeneity of the member galaxy spectra among distinct regions of the galaxy cluster phase space. Aided by accurate spectroscopic redshifts and by a model of the sample selection effects, we compute the galaxy cluster X-ray luminosity function and we present its lack of evolution up to z = 0.6. Finally we discuss the prospects of forthcoming large multiplexed spectroscopic programmes dedicated to follow up the next generation of all-sky X-ray source catalogues.Peer reviewe

Stellar mass-halo mass relation for the brightest central galaxies of X-ray clusters since z similar to 0.65

We present the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) catalog for SPectroscoic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS) DR14 cluster program value-added catalog. We list the 416 BCGs identified as part of this process, along with their stellar mass, star formation rates (SFRs), and morphological properties. We identified the BCGs based on the available spectroscopic data from SPIDERS and photometric data from SDSS. We computed stellar masses and SFRs of the BCGs on the basis of SDSS, WISE, and GALEX photometry using spectral energy distribution fitting. Morphological properties for all BCGs were derived by Sersic profile fitting using the software package SIGMA in different optical bands (g,r,i). We combined this catalog with the BCGs of galaxy groups and clusters extracted from the deeper AEGIS, CDFS, COSMOS, XMM-CFHTLS, and XMM-XXL surveys to study the stellar mass-halo mass relation using the largest sample of X-ray groups and clusters known to date. This result suggests that the mass growth of the central galaxy is controlled by the hierarchical mass growth of the host halo. We find a strong correlation between the stellar mass of BCGs and the mass of their host halos. This relation shows no evolution since z similar to 0.65. We measure a mean scatter of 0.21 and 0.25 for the stellar mass of BCGs in a given halo mass at low (0.1 <z <0.3) and high (0.3 <z <0.65) redshifts, respectively. We further demonstrate that the BCG mass is covariant with the richness of the host halos in the very X-ray luminous systems. We also find evidence that part of the scatter between X-ray luminosity and richness can be reduced by considering stellar mass as an additional variable.Peer reviewe

Stellar mass -- halo mass relation for the brightest central galaxies of X-ray clusters since z~0.65

We present the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) catalog for SPectroscoic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS) DR14 cluster program value-added catalog. We list the 416 BCGs identified as part of this process, along with their stellar mass, star formation rates, and morphological properties. We identified the BCGs based on the available spectroscopic data from SPIDERS and photometric data from SDSS. We computed stellar masses and SFRs of the BCGs on the basis of SDSS, WISE, and GALEX photometry using spectral energy distribution fitting. Morphological properties for all BCGs were derived by Sersic profile fitting using the software package SIGMA in different optical bands (g,r,i). We combined this catalog with the BCGs of galaxy groups and clusters extracted from the deeper AEGIS, CDFS, COSMOS, XMM-CFHTLS, and XMM-XXL surveys to study the stellar mass - halo mass relation using the largest sample of X-ray groups and clusters known to date. This result suggests that the mass growth of the central galaxy is controlled by the hierarchical mass growth of the host halo. We find a strong correlation between the stellar mass of BCGs and the mass of their host halos. This relation shows no evolution since z $\sim$ 0.65. We measure a mean scatter of 0.21 and 0.25 for the stellar mass of BCGs in a given halo mass at low ($0.1<z < 0.3$) and high ($0.3<z<0.65$) redshifts, respectively. We further demonstrate that the BCG mass is covariant with the richness of the host halos in the very X-ray luminous systems. We also find evidence that part of the scatter between X-ray luminosity and richness can be reduced by considering stellar mass as an additional variable

Effects of copper and nickel on subarctic Scots pine needles

Abstract Three different studies were conducted to elucidate the effects of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) on Scots pine needles. One was the Monchegorsk smelter emission gradient study on the Kola Peninsula, Russia, the second was the 3-year seedling and 6-year adult tree low-level CuNi and acid rain (H2SO4 at pH 3) irrigation study at Kevo, Finland. In the third study seedlings were exposed to Cu and Ni for a one season in Oulu, Finland. Ni accumulated efficiently in needles, and this accumulation was seen in each of the different studies. The Cu concentrations remained low in needles, except near the Monchegorsk smelters. The addition of Ni together with Cu in Oulu seemed to enhance the accumulation of Ni into the needles of Scots pine seedlings. Plasmolysis may be related to both drought and the Ni treatment, as observed in Oulu, because plasmolysis was statistically more abundant in the 15 mg Ni kg-1 dry soil treated needles than in other treatments except in 25 mg Ni kg-1 dry soil. Cu induced lipid peroxidation of chloroplast membranes was visible under transmission electron microscope (TEM) as light colored, swollen thylakoids in chloroplasts near the Monchegorsk smeltersand also in needles exposed to 25 Ni+50 Cu mg kg-1 in soil in Oulu. Some year to year variation in the frost hardening process was seen in metal and acid treated needles, which may have caused the maximum frost hardiness level drop after CuNi, pH3 and CuNi/pH3 treatments. Root growth was increased by 5 mg Ni kg-1 dry soil in soil in Oulu, but 15 mg Ni kg-1 dry soil Ni in soil decreased root growth and increased root tip dieback. 25 Ni+50 Cu mg kg-1 dry soil in soil markedly decreased root growth. The proportion of oxidized glutathione in Cu-treated needles was smaller than in Ni-treated needles, but roots had higher peroxidase activity levels. However, Ni seemed to cause more oxidative stress to seedlings than copper