5 research outputs found

    The nuclear entry of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) relies on the first nuclear localization signal and can be negatively regulated through IMPα/ÎČ specific inhibitors

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    The human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) undergoes continuous shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm. Binding to exogenous or endogenous ligands promotes its rapid nuclear import. The proposed mechanism for the ligand-dependent import is based on exposing the bipartite nuclear localisation signal (NLS) to members of the importin (IMP) superfamily. Among this, the molecular interactions involved in the basal import still need to be clarified. Utilizing fluorescently fused AHR variants, we recapitulated and characterized AHR localization and nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling in living cells. Analysis of AHR variants carrying NLS point mutations demonstrated a mandatory role of first (13RKRRK17) and second (37KR-R40) NLS segments on the basal import of AHR. Further experiments indicated that ligand-induced import is mainly regulated through the first NLS, while the second NLS is supportive but not essential. Additionally, applying IMPα/ÎČ specific inhibitors, ivermectin (IVM) and importazole (IPZ), slowed down the ligand-induced import and, correspondingly, decreased the basal nuclear accumulation of the receptor. In conclusion, our data show that ligand-induced and basal nuclear entry of AHR rely on the same mechanism but are controlled uniquely by the two NLS components

    Eine Machbarkeitsstudie

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    1\. Introduction 1-1 1.1 Teratology 1-1 1.1.1 General Aspects and present testing strategies 1-1 1.1.2 In vitro alternatives and recent developments 1-3 1.2 Embryonic stem cells 1-5 1.2.1 Characteristics and usage 1-5 1.2.2 Differentiation of ESCs into cardiomyocytes 1-9 1.3 Signaling Cascades 1-12 1.3.1 General aspects 1-12 1.3.2 Bmp signaling Pathway 1-15 1.3.3 Wnt Signaling Pathway 1-19 1.4 Substances 1-22 2\. Objective 2-27 3\. Results 3-29 3.1 A Bmp reporter transgene mouse embryonic stem cell model as a tool to identify and characterize chemical teratogens 3-29 3.2 Identification and characterization of teratogenic chemicals using embryonic stem cells isolated from a Wnt/ÎČ-Catenin-reporter transgenic mouse line 3-57 3.3 Transgenic mouse models transferred into the test tube: New perspectives for toxicity testing in vitro? 3-85 4\. Discussion 4-105 5\. Conclusion and Outlook 5-111 6\. Summary 6-113 7\. Zusammenfassung 7-115 8\. Literature 8-117 9\. Abbreviations 9-129 10\. List of Publications 10-133 11\. Acknowledgment - Danksagung 11-135The assessment of a teratogenic potential of substances and compounds currently relies on time and cost intensive in vivo tests, although recent changes in legislation increase the need for in vitro alternatives. My work is a proof of concept study, analyzing whether highly conserved, essential signaling cascades can be used as predictive tool for teratogenic activity. Signaling cascades regulate embryonic development in vivo as well as the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro and the latter already had been shown to be suitable as a predictive tool in the embryonic stem cell test (EST). For my studies I focused on two different cascades, the canonical Wnt and Bmp signaling pathways. The used transgenic ESCs were generated from well described transgenic mouse lines, each harboring an easily detectable reporter gene under the control of one essential signaling pathway. The canonical Wnt pathway is essential for the mesoderm induction and the reporter gene in the BAT-Gal-ESCs was expressed in mesodermal cells and cells undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition. During cardiac differentiation, the Wnt pathway has a biphasic role, which could be monitored in vitro as well. For the detection of an increase and/or a decrease in reporter gene activity, two independent time points were analyzed. Increased as well as decreased reporter gene activity was associated with impaired cardiac differentiation in vitro such that the BAT-Gal-ESCs could indeed be used as predictive tool for teratogenic activities. The BRE-ESCs, expressing the green fluorescence protein (EGFP) under the control of Bmp signaling, showed an endogenous induction of EGFP during the differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Especially endodermal and epithelial cells expressed high amounts of EGFP and the endodermal cells proved to be essential for the specification of cardiac mesoderm. Upon treatment with model substances a dose-dependent decrease in EGFP expression and cardiomyocyte differentiation was detectable, demonstrating suitability of this cell line for the testing of teratogenic activities as well. In general, the data strongly supports the working hypothesis that highly conserved, essential signaling cascades can be used to predict teratogenic substances during the differentiation of ESCs. And along with the general inhibition of differentiation, these cell systems provide mechanistic information and can even shorten assay duration.WĂ€hrend der Embryonalentwicklung entstehen aus einer befruchteten Eizelle sĂ€mtliche Gewebe, Organe und Strukturen des spĂ€teren Individuums. Die KomplexitĂ€t des Vorganges bedingt, dass Ă€ußere EinflĂŒsse dramatische Auswirkungen auf diesen streng regulierten Prozess haben können und die Identifizierung in dieser Weise wirkenden Substanzen im Besonderen erfolgt mit Hilfe von zeit- und kostenintensiven Tierversuchen. Verschiedene gesetzliche Änderungen der letzten Jahre haben dazu gefĂŒhrt, dass in vitro Alternativen zum Tierversuch eine zunehmenden Bedeutung erlangten. In dieser Arbeit sollte eine in vitro Alternative, der embryonale Stammzelltest (EST), zur Testung von Teratogenen im Hinblick auf neue Endpunkte weiter entwickelt werden. Der EST betrachtet die Differenzierung der ESCs in spontan schlagende Herzmuskelzellen. Dieser Vorgang ist Ă€hnlich strikt reguliert wie die in vivo Entwicklung und hĂ€ufig genutzt zur AufklĂ€rung der zugrunde liegenden Prozesse in vitro. Dazu nutzte ich murine, embryonale Stammzellen (ESCs), die aus transgenen Mauslinien gewonnen wurden und ein leicht zu detektierendes Reportergen unter dem Einfluss von hoch konservierten, essentiellen Signalkaskaden besitzen. Dabei habe ich mich auf den Bmp und den Wnt/ÎČ-Catenin Signalweg konzentriert. Die BRE-ESCs, die ein grĂŒn-fluoreszierendes Protein (EGFP) unter der Kontrolle des Bmp Signalweges exprimieren, zeigten eine endogene Induction der EGFP Expression wĂ€hrend der Herzmuskeldifferenzierung. Die Analyse der EGFP-positiven Zellen ergab, dass es sich um endodermale und endotheliale Zellen handelt, wobei die endodermalen Zellen fĂŒr die Spezifikation des Mesoderms in kardiogenes Mesoderm essentiell sind. Die Analyse teratogen wirkender Substanzen zeigte eine dosisabhĂ€ngige Reduktion der EGFP Expression, die gut mit der Verminderung der Herzmuskeldifferenzierung korrelierte. Das zweite Zellsystem, die BAT-Gal- ESCs, exprimieren ihr Reportergen unter dem Einfluss des kanonischen Wnt- Signalweges. Auch dieser Signalweg wird wĂ€hrend der Differenzierung endogen induziert und ist eng mit der Mesoderminduktion assoziiert. Dies konnte ich bestĂ€tigen, da die reportergenpositiven Zellen mesodermalen Ursprungs waren. ZusĂ€tzlich zeigte sich, dass Zellen, die eine epithelial-mesenchymale Transition durchlaufen ebenfalls ĂŒber eine erhöhte AktivitĂ€t des Wnt Signalweges verfĂŒgen. In diesem Testsystem konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl eine kĂŒnstliche Induktion als auch eine Reduktion der ReportergenaktivitĂ€t mit einer verminderten Herzmuskeldifferenzierung einhergehen kann und auch diese Zellen sich als prĂ€diktives Testsystem eignen. Damit konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Arbeitshypothese bestĂ€tigt werden, dass eine Analyse von essentiellen, hoch konservierten Signalkaskaden sich fĂŒr eine Vorhersage eines teratogenen Potentials einer Substanz eignen. ZusĂ€tzlich können durch die Erfassung mehrerer Endpunkte in einem Zellsystem auch mechanistische Informationen gewonnen werden, so dass eventuell die Wirkungsweise der verschiedenen, potentiell teratogenen Stoffe genauer charakterisiert werden kann

    The role of DNA-binding and ARNT dimerization on the nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

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    The human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is predominantly located in the cytoplasm, while activation depends on its nuclear translocation. Binding to endogenous or xenobiotic ligands terminates the basal nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and stabilizes an exclusive nuclear population. The precise mechanisms that facilitate such stable nuclear accumulation remain to be clarified as essential step in the activation cascade. In this study, we have tested whether the sustained nuclear compartmentalization of ligand-bound or basal AHR might further require heterodimerization with the AHR-nuclear translocator (ARNT) and binding to the cognate XRE-motif. Mutagenesis of the DNA-binding motif or of selected individual residues in the ARNT-binding motif did not lead to any variation in AHR’s nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution. In response to ligands, all mutants were retained in the nucleus demonstrating that the stable compartmentalization of activated AHR in the nucleus is neither dependent on interactions with DNA, nor ARNT. Knocking down the ARNT gene using small interfering RNA confirmed that ARNT does not play any role in the intracellular trafficking of AHR

    Feminist critics and archetypal psychology: What's in it for us?

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    B. Sprachwissenschaft

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