Lidar technology measurements and technology: Report of panel

Lidar is ready to make an important contribution to tropospheric chemistry research with a variety of spaceborne measurements that complement the measurements from passive instruments. Lidar can now be considered for near-term and far-term space missions dealing with a number of scientifically important issues in tropospheric chemistry. The evolution in the lidar missions from space are addressed and details of these missions are given. The laser availability for space missions based upon the technical data is assessed

Expansion of presoldier cuticle contributes to head elongation during soldier differentiation in termites

In termites, the soldier caste possesses morphological features suitable for colony defence, despite some exceptions. Soldiers are differentiated via two moultings through a presoldier stage with dramatic morphogenesis. While a number of morphological modifications are known to occur during the presoldier moult, growth and morphogenesis seem to continue even after the moult. The present study, using the damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti, carried out morphological and histological investigations on the developmental processes during the presoldier stage that is artificially induced by the application of a juvenile hormone analogue. Measurements of five body parameters indicated that head length significantly increased during the 14-day period after the presoldier moult, while it did not increase subsequently to the stationary moult (pseudergate moult as control). Histological observations also showed that the cuticular development played a role in the presoldier head elongation, suggesting that the soft and flexible presoldier cuticle contributed to the soldier morphogenesis in termites

The evolution of eusociality

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