73 research outputs found

    Exploration génétique et moléculaire de défauts post-méiotiques sévÚres de la spermatogenÚse entrainant une infertilité masculine

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    Infertility is currently considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a major health concern affecting more than 50 million couples worldwide. In western countries, the majority of infertile couples seek assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to achieve a pregnancy. Despite the success of these techniques, almost half of these couples fail to obtain a child. Part of these failures are explained by the alteration of gametogenesis. In humans, spermatogenesis involves hundreds of genes specifically expressed in the testis. The abundance of these genes suggests that spermatogenic defects are associated with a strong genetic component. Recently, technical advances have led to the identification of numerous causative genes, but the vast majority of male infertility cases remain idiopathic. The aim of the present thesis is to identify new genetic causes responsible for male infertility and to elucidate the physiopathological mechanisms associated with these anomalies.During my thesis, I participated with the team GETI (genetics, epigenetics and therapies of infertility) in the genetic exploration of two phenotypes of male infertility related to post-meiotic defects of spermatogenesis: a rare form of non-obstructive azoospermia and the phenotype of multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). I have also played a key role in creation and analysis of transgenic mice to better characterize the pathogeny of the identified genetic causes in Human.Genetic analyses performed on two infertile brothers born form consanguineous parents and presenting an-idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia associated with a post-meiotic arrest of spermatogenesis allowed us to identify a homozygous variant in the SPINK2 gene that encodes a serine-protease inhibitor. Phenotypic analysis of Spink2-/- adult male mice showed that they are infertile and perfectly mimic the sperm and testicular phenotypes observed in our patients. We showed that Spink2 protein is expressed from the round spermatid stage and localized in the acrosome, a lysosomal-like vesicle rich in proteases that play a key role during fertilization. When Spink2 is absent, the deregulated proteolytic activity of the targeted proteases such as acrosin leads to the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and arrest of spermiogenesis at the round spermatid stage. We also showed that sperm from heterozygous human and mice present a high level of morphological abnormalities and a decrease of progressive motility leading to a variable subfertility. These results showed for the first time that oligo-teratozoospermia and azoospermia could present a pathological continuum due to the same pathogeny.We also performed exome sequencing in a cohort of 78 non related MMAF subjects and identified in 49 cases deleterious bi-allelic mutations in a total of 11 candidate genes including DNAH1, CFAP43, CFAP44, WDR66 and FSIP2 giving a genetic diagnosis yield of 63%. These results confirm the genetic heterogeneity of MMAF and the efficiency of high throughput sequencing in genetic exploration of this phenotype. We also demonstrated the pathogenic implication of certain candidate genes (n=4) using knock-out mice created by the new technology of genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9.Overall, this work demonstrates the interest and effectiveness of combining exome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 system to study spermatogenesis disorders and male infertility.L’infertilitĂ© est considĂ©rĂ©e actuellement par l’organisation mondiale de la santĂ© (OMS) comme une prĂ©occupation majeure de santĂ© affectant plus de 50 millions de couples dans le monde. Dans les pays occidentaux, la majoritĂ© des couples infertiles ont recours aux techniques d’assistance mĂ©dicale Ă  la procrĂ©ation (AMP) pour obtenir une grossesse. MalgrĂ© le succĂšs de ces techniques, prĂšs de la moitiĂ© des couples qui ont recours Ă  l’AMP sortent du parcours de soin sans enfant. Une partie de ces Ă©checs est expliquĂ©e par l’altĂ©ration de la gamĂ©togenĂšse. Chez l’homme, la spermatogenĂšse fait interagir des centaines de gĂšnes spĂ©cifiquement exprimĂ©s dans le testicule. L’abondance de ces gĂšnes suggĂšre que les troubles de la spermatogenĂšse prĂ©sentent une forte composante gĂ©nĂ©tique. RĂ©cemment, les avancĂ©es techniques ont favorisĂ© l’identification de gĂšnes responsables de ces anomalies mais la grande majoritĂ© des cas d’infertilitĂ© masculine reste classĂ©e comme idiopathique. L’objectif de la thĂšse est d’identifier de nouvelles causes gĂ©nĂ©tiques responsables d’infertilitĂ© masculine et d’élucider les mĂ©canismes physiopathologiques associĂ©s Ă  ces anomalies.Au cours de ma thĂšse j’ai participĂ© avec l’équipe GETI (gĂ©nĂ©tique, Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tique et thĂ©rapies de l’infertilitĂ©) Ă  l’exploration gĂ©nĂ©tique et molĂ©culaire de deux phĂ©notypes distincts d’anomalies spermatiques liĂ©s Ă  des dĂ©fauts post-mĂ©iotiques de la spermatogenĂšse : une forme rare d’azoospermie non obstructive (ANO) et le phĂ©notype d’anomalies morphologiques multiples du flagelle spermatique (AMMF). Enfin j’ai jouĂ© un rĂŽle important dans la crĂ©ation et l’analyse de modĂšles murins pour caractĂ©riser la pathogĂ©nie de ces anomalies.L’analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique de deux frĂšres infertiles nĂ©s de parents consanguins et prĂ©sentant une ANO idiopathique associĂ©e Ă  un arrĂȘt post-mĂ©iotique de la spermatogenĂšse nous a permis d’identifier un variant homozygote dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre dans le gĂšne SPINK2 qui code pour un inhibiteur de sĂ©rine-protĂ©ases. L’étude des souris KO pour ce gĂšne nous a permis d’observer que les souris mĂąles adultes sont infertiles et miment parfaitement les phĂ©notypes spermatique et testiculaire observĂ©s chez nos patients. Nous avons montrĂ© que la protĂ©ine codĂ©e par ce gĂšne est exprimĂ©e dans l’acrosome Ă  partir du stade de spermatide ronde. En l’absence de Spink2, l’activitĂ© protĂ©olytique non-neutralisĂ©e des protĂ©ases cibles qui transitent par le Golgi cause sa fragmentation et bloque la spermiogĂ©nĂšse au stade de spermatide ronde. Nous avons Ă©galement pu observer que les spermatozoĂŻdes provenant de patients et de souris hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes prĂ©sentent un taux Ă©levĂ© d’anomalies morphologiques et une baisse de la mobilitĂ© progressive conduisant Ă  une hypofertilitĂ© Ă  expressivitĂ© variable. Ces rĂ©sultats montrent pour la premiĂšre fois que l’oligo-tĂ©ratozoospermie et l’azoospermie peuvent constituer un continuum pathologique dĂ» Ă  une mĂȘme pathogĂ©nie.Nous avons Ă©galement rĂ©alisĂ© le sĂ©quençage exomique complet d’une cohorte de 78 individus AMMF non apparentĂ©s et avons identifiĂ© chez 49 sujets des mutations bi-allĂ©liques dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres dans 11 gĂšnes candidats dont DNAH1, CFAP43, CFAP44, WDR66 et FSIP2, soit un rendement diagnostique de 63%. Ces rĂ©sultats confirment l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique du phĂ©notype MMAF et l’efficacitĂ© diagnostique du sĂ©quençage haut dĂ©bit dans son exploration. Nous avons Ă©galement validĂ© l’implication de certains gĂšnes candidats (n=4) dans ce phĂ©notype chez le modĂšle murin knock-out crĂ©Ă© par la nouvelle technologie d’édition du gĂ©nome, CRISPR/Cas9.Dans son ensemble, ce travail montre l’intĂ©rĂȘt et l’efficacitĂ© de la combinaison du sĂ©quençage exomique et de la technique de CRISPR/Cas9 pour Ă©tudier les troubles de la spermatogenĂšse et l’infertilitĂ© masculine

    Provisioning of Edge Computing Resources for Heterogeneous IoT Workload

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    With the evolution of cellular networks, the number of smart connected devices have witnessed a tremendous increase to reach billions by 2020 as forecasted by Cisco, constituting what is known today as the Internet of Things (IoT). With such explosion of smart devices, novel services have evolved and invaded almost every aspect of our lives; from e-health to smart homes and smart factories, etc. Such services come with stringent QoS requirements. While the current network infrastructure (4G) is providing an acceptable QoE to the end users, it will be rendered obsolete when considering the critical QoS requirements of such new services. Hence, to deliver the seamless experience these services provide, MEC has emerged as a promising technology to offer the cloud capabilities at the edge of the network, and hence, meeting the low latency requirements of such services. Moreover, another QoS parameter that needs to be addressed is the ultra high reliability demanded by the IoT services. Therefore,5G has evolved as a promising technology supporting ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (uRLLC) and other service categories. While integrating uRLLC with MEC would help in realizing such services, it would however raise some challenges for the network operator. Thus, in this thesis, we address some of these challenges. Specifically, in the second chapter, we address the problem of MEC Resource Provisioning and Workload Assignment (RPWA) in an IoT environment, with heterogeneous workloads demanding services with stringent latency requirements. We formulate the problem as an MIP with the objective to minimize the re-sources deployment cost. Due to the complexity of the problem, we will develop a decomposition approach (RPWA-D) to solve the problem and study through different simulations, the performance of our approach. In chapter 3, we consider both ultra high reliability and low latency requirements of different IoT services, and solve the Workload Assignment problem (WA) in an IoT environment. We formulate the problem as an MIP with the objective of maximizing the admitted workload to the network. After showing the complexity of the problem and the non scalability of the WA-MIP, we propose two different approaches; WA-D and WA-Tabu. The results show that WA-Tabu was the most efficient and scalable

    Introduction of Marble Waste Sand in the Composition of Mortar

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    The aim of this research is to study the possibility of the valorization of sand marble waste in mortars as substitute in sand. To achieve this study, sand marble waste is used with weight ratios of 5, 10, 15 and 20% to formulate a mortar with sand marble waste and a control mortar with 0% of sand marble waste. The properties in the fresh state, the mechanical strength, absorption by immersion, and the weight loss as well as the shrinkage and acid attack of each mixture were carried out through the conducted experiments. The different results show that the introduction of recycled sand in the mortars gives good results and it can be used as aggregates

    MĂ©thodologie de transformation du CIM en PIM dans l'approche MDA

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    L’Object Management Group (OMG) a proposĂ© une nouvelle approche de dĂ©veloppement de logiciel nommĂ©e Model Driven Architecture (MDA). Cette approche met l’accent sur l’élaboration des modĂšles de plus haut niveau d’abstraction et favorise l’approche de transformation d’un modĂšle Ă  l’autre. MDA prĂ©conise l’élaboration des trois types de modĂšles suivants : ‱ Computation Independent Model (CIM) : ce modĂšle reprĂ©sente le plus haut niveau d’abstraction et dĂ©crit les exigences du systĂšme ainsi que sa maniĂšre de fonctionner dans son environnement tandis que les dĂ©tails de la structure de l’application et de la rĂ©alisation sont cachĂ©s ou encore indĂ©terminĂ©s. ‱ Platform Independent Model (PIM) : ce modĂšle dĂ©crit les dĂ©tails du systĂšme sans montrer les dĂ©tails spĂ©cifiques Ă  une plateforme d’exĂ©cution ou Ă  une technologie particuliĂšre. ‱ Platform Specific Model (PSM) : ce modĂšle dĂ©crit les dĂ©tails et les caractĂ©ristiques supprimĂ©s du PIM. Il doit ĂȘtre adaptĂ© pour spĂ©cifier l’implĂ©mentation du systĂšme dans une seule et unique plateforme technologique. Comme ces diffĂ©rents types de modĂšles reprĂ©sentent diffĂ©rents niveaux d’abstraction d’un mĂȘme systĂšme, MDA recommande l’utilisation de mĂ©canismes de transformation permettant les transformations du CIM vers le PIM et du PIM vers le PSM. Depuis l’avĂšnement de MDA, plusieurs travaux de recherche ont abordĂ© la problĂ©matique de transformation du PIM vers le PSM et du PSM vers le code mais trĂšs peu traitent de la transformation du CIM vers le PIM. Bien que la littĂ©rature prĂ©sente quelques travaux reliĂ©s Ă  cette question, il semble que peu de chercheurs se soient penchĂ©s sur les problĂšmes reliĂ©s Ă  la transformation du CIM vers le PIM. Ainsi, le CIM a Ă©tĂ© initialement considĂ©rĂ© comme partie intĂ©grante du PIM. Bien que la notion de l’indĂ©pendance de la plateforme soit assez claire, la notion du concept ‘’Computation’’ reste floue. Par consĂ©quent, la frontiĂšre entre les modĂšles CIM et PIM reste aussi vague. Dans le but de transformer le CIM en PIM, nous avons identifiĂ© les trois problĂ©matiques de recherche suivantes : 1) la dĂ©finition de l’architecture du CIM permettant de circonscrire ses frontiĂšres par rapport au PIM, 2) la dĂ©finition de l’architecture du PIM permettant de circonscrire ses frontiĂšres par rapport au PSM, 3) la dĂ©finition d’une mĂ©thodologie permettant de transformer le CIM en PIM. La contribution de cette thĂšse s’inscrit dans le domaine de l’ingĂ©nierie dirigĂ©e par les modĂšles. Nous y proposons : 1) une architecture du CIM basĂ©e sur la composition de trois modĂšles Business Motivation Model (BMM), Business Process Model (BPM) et Requirement Model (RM), 2) une architecture du PIM basĂ©e sur les patrons d’analyse et les patrons archĂ©type, 3) une mĂ©thodologie couvrant l’ensemble des Ă©tapes de crĂ©ation du CIM ainsi que les techniques et les artefacts Ă  produire, permettant la transformation du CIM en PIM. Ce travail contribue de plus Ă  l’amĂ©lioration de la traçabilitĂ© entre le CIM et le PIM ainsi qu’à la rĂ©duction du fossĂ© entre les activitĂ©s des analystes d’affaires et des architectes de logiciels

    Whole-of-school physical activity implementation in the context of the Dubai Fitness Challenge

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    Introduction: Physical activity (PA) promotion among school-aged youth is a global health priority. Recommendations for such promotion include implementing whole-of-school approaches that maximize resources across the school environment. This study examined schools’ participation in an annual, government-led, and emirate-wide initiative in Dubai, called the Dubai Fitness Challenge, in which the goal is to accrue 30 minutes of PA every day for 30 days (as such, the initiative is colloquially referred to as “Dubai 30x30”). Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed for this study. Three schools were recruited using convenience sampling. Participants were 18 physical education teachers, 20 classroom teachers, 2 principals and 45 students. Data sources included surveys, focus groups, and interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, and open and axial coding to develop themes. Results: School staff reported that most Dubai 30x30 activities were provided in physical education, at break times during school, and before and after school. Students reported that they mainly participated in Dubai 30x30 activities during physical education and occasionally participated in activities after school and on weekends. During school, students were more likely to reach higher PA intensity levels when they were in contexts other than the regular classroom setting. Among school staff, physical education teachers were most involved and classroom teachers were least involved in promoting Dubai 30x30. Parent engagement was high. Staff perceived that Dubai 30x30 brought the community together, but physical education teachers also indicated there was a lack of implementation guidance and they felt burdened. Participants believed Dubai 30x30 increased PA participation and helped to promote their schools. Discussion: This study provides an initial glimpse into schools’ participation in Dubai 30x30 and suggests that a whole-of-school PA lens is useful in gleaning information that could help to increase and optimize PA opportunities for students

    A systematic review and standardized clinical validity assessment of male infertility genes

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    Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.STUDY QUESTION: Which genes are confidently linked to human monogenic male infertility? SUMMARY ANSWER: Our systematic literature search and clinical validity assessment reveals that a total of 78 genes are currently confidently linked to 92 human male infertility phenotypes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The discovery of novel male infertility genes is rapidly accelerating with the availability of next-generating sequencing methods, but the quality of evidence for gene-disease relationships varies greatly. In order to improve genetic research, diagnostics and counseling, there is a need for an evidence-based overview of the currently known genes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We performed a systematic literature search and evidence assessment for all publications in Pubmed until December 2018 covering genetic causes of male infertility and/or defective male genitourinary development. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Two independent reviewers conducted the literature search and included papers on the monogenic causes of human male infertility and excluded papers on genetic association or risk factors, karyotype anomalies and/or copy number variations affecting multiple genes. Next, the quality and the extent of all evidence supporting selected genes was weighed by a standardized scoring method and used to determine the clinical validity of each gene-disease relationship as expressed by the following six categories: no evidence, limited, moderate, strong, definitive or unable to classify. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: From a total of 23 526 records, we included 1337 publications about monogenic causes of male infertility leading to a list of 521 gene-disease relationships. The clinical validity of these gene-disease relationships varied widely and ranged from definitive (n = 38) to strong (n = 22), moderate (n = 32), limited (n = 93) or no evidence (n = 160). A total of 176 gene-disease relationships could not be classified because our scoring method was not suitable. LARGE SCALE DATA: Not applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Our literature search was limited to Pubmed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The comprehensive overview will aid researchers and clinicians in the field to establish gene lists for diagnostic screening using validated gene-disease criteria and help to identify gaps in our knowledge of male infertility. For future studies, the authors discuss the relevant and important international guidelines regarding research related to gene discovery and provide specific recommendations for the field of male infertility. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by a VICI grant from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (918-15-667 to J.A.V.), the Royal Society, and Wolfson Foundation (WM160091 to J.A.V.) as well as an investigator award in science from the Wellcome Trust (209451 to J.A.V.).None.publishersversionPeer reviewe

    Genetic and molecular exploration of severe post-meiotic defects of spermatogenesis leading to male infertility

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    L’infertilitĂ© est considĂ©rĂ©e actuellement par l’organisation mondiale de la santĂ© (OMS) comme une prĂ©occupation majeure de santĂ© affectant plus de 50 millions de couples dans le monde. Dans les pays occidentaux, la majoritĂ© des couples infertiles ont recours aux techniques d’assistance mĂ©dicale Ă  la procrĂ©ation (AMP) pour obtenir une grossesse. MalgrĂ© le succĂšs de ces techniques, prĂšs de la moitiĂ© des couples qui ont recours Ă  l’AMP sortent du parcours de soin sans enfant. Une partie de ces Ă©checs est expliquĂ©e par l’altĂ©ration de la gamĂ©togenĂšse. Chez l’homme, la spermatogenĂšse fait interagir des centaines de gĂšnes spĂ©cifiquement exprimĂ©s dans le testicule. L’abondance de ces gĂšnes suggĂšre que les troubles de la spermatogenĂšse prĂ©sentent une forte composante gĂ©nĂ©tique. RĂ©cemment, les avancĂ©es techniques ont favorisĂ© l’identification de gĂšnes responsables de ces anomalies mais la grande majoritĂ© des cas d’infertilitĂ© masculine reste classĂ©e comme idiopathique. L’objectif de la thĂšse est d’identifier de nouvelles causes gĂ©nĂ©tiques responsables d’infertilitĂ© masculine et d’élucider les mĂ©canismes physiopathologiques associĂ©s Ă  ces anomalies.Au cours de ma thĂšse j’ai participĂ© avec l’équipe GETI (gĂ©nĂ©tique, Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tique et thĂ©rapies de l’infertilitĂ©) Ă  l’exploration gĂ©nĂ©tique et molĂ©culaire de deux phĂ©notypes distincts d’anomalies spermatiques liĂ©s Ă  des dĂ©fauts post-mĂ©iotiques de la spermatogenĂšse : une forme rare d’azoospermie non obstructive (ANO) et le phĂ©notype d’anomalies morphologiques multiples du flagelle spermatique (AMMF). Enfin j’ai jouĂ© un rĂŽle important dans la crĂ©ation et l’analyse de modĂšles murins pour caractĂ©riser la pathogĂ©nie de ces anomalies.L’analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique de deux frĂšres infertiles nĂ©s de parents consanguins et prĂ©sentant une ANO idiopathique associĂ©e Ă  un arrĂȘt post-mĂ©iotique de la spermatogenĂšse nous a permis d’identifier un variant homozygote dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre dans le gĂšne SPINK2 qui code pour un inhibiteur de sĂ©rine-protĂ©ases. L’étude des souris KO pour ce gĂšne nous a permis d’observer que les souris mĂąles adultes sont infertiles et miment parfaitement les phĂ©notypes spermatique et testiculaire observĂ©s chez nos patients. Nous avons montrĂ© que la protĂ©ine codĂ©e par ce gĂšne est exprimĂ©e dans l’acrosome Ă  partir du stade de spermatide ronde. En l’absence de Spink2, l’activitĂ© protĂ©olytique non-neutralisĂ©e des protĂ©ases cibles qui transitent par le Golgi cause sa fragmentation et bloque la spermiogĂ©nĂšse au stade de spermatide ronde. Nous avons Ă©galement pu observer que les spermatozoĂŻdes provenant de patients et de souris hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes prĂ©sentent un taux Ă©levĂ© d’anomalies morphologiques et une baisse de la mobilitĂ© progressive conduisant Ă  une hypofertilitĂ© Ă  expressivitĂ© variable. Ces rĂ©sultats montrent pour la premiĂšre fois que l’oligo-tĂ©ratozoospermie et l’azoospermie peuvent constituer un continuum pathologique dĂ» Ă  une mĂȘme pathogĂ©nie.Nous avons Ă©galement rĂ©alisĂ© le sĂ©quençage exomique complet d’une cohorte de 78 individus AMMF non apparentĂ©s et avons identifiĂ© chez 49 sujets des mutations bi-allĂ©liques dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres dans 11 gĂšnes candidats dont DNAH1, CFAP43, CFAP44, WDR66 et FSIP2, soit un rendement diagnostique de 63%. Ces rĂ©sultats confirment l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique du phĂ©notype MMAF et l’efficacitĂ© diagnostique du sĂ©quençage haut dĂ©bit dans son exploration. Nous avons Ă©galement validĂ© l’implication de certains gĂšnes candidats (n=4) dans ce phĂ©notype chez le modĂšle murin knock-out crĂ©Ă© par la nouvelle technologie d’édition du gĂ©nome, CRISPR/Cas9.Dans son ensemble, ce travail montre l’intĂ©rĂȘt et l’efficacitĂ© de la combinaison du sĂ©quençage exomique et de la technique de CRISPR/Cas9 pour Ă©tudier les troubles de la spermatogenĂšse et l’infertilitĂ© masculine.Infertility is currently considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a major health concern affecting more than 50 million couples worldwide. In western countries, the majority of infertile couples seek assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to achieve a pregnancy. Despite the success of these techniques, almost half of these couples fail to obtain a child. Part of these failures are explained by the alteration of gametogenesis. In humans, spermatogenesis involves hundreds of genes specifically expressed in the testis. The abundance of these genes suggests that spermatogenic defects are associated with a strong genetic component. Recently, technical advances have led to the identification of numerous causative genes, but the vast majority of male infertility cases remain idiopathic. The aim of the present thesis is to identify new genetic causes responsible for male infertility and to elucidate the physiopathological mechanisms associated with these anomalies.During my thesis, I participated with the team GETI (genetics, epigenetics and therapies of infertility) in the genetic exploration of two phenotypes of male infertility related to post-meiotic defects of spermatogenesis: a rare form of non-obstructive azoospermia and the phenotype of multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). I have also played a key role in creation and analysis of transgenic mice to better characterize the pathogeny of the identified genetic causes in Human.Genetic analyses performed on two infertile brothers born form consanguineous parents and presenting an-idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia associated with a post-meiotic arrest of spermatogenesis allowed us to identify a homozygous variant in the SPINK2 gene that encodes a serine-protease inhibitor. Phenotypic analysis of Spink2-/- adult male mice showed that they are infertile and perfectly mimic the sperm and testicular phenotypes observed in our patients. We showed that Spink2 protein is expressed from the round spermatid stage and localized in the acrosome, a lysosomal-like vesicle rich in proteases that play a key role during fertilization. When Spink2 is absent, the deregulated proteolytic activity of the targeted proteases such as acrosin leads to the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and arrest of spermiogenesis at the round spermatid stage. We also showed that sperm from heterozygous human and mice present a high level of morphological abnormalities and a decrease of progressive motility leading to a variable subfertility. These results showed for the first time that oligo-teratozoospermia and azoospermia could present a pathological continuum due to the same pathogeny.We also performed exome sequencing in a cohort of 78 non related MMAF subjects and identified in 49 cases deleterious bi-allelic mutations in a total of 11 candidate genes including DNAH1, CFAP43, CFAP44, WDR66 and FSIP2 giving a genetic diagnosis yield of 63%. These results confirm the genetic heterogeneity of MMAF and the efficiency of high throughput sequencing in genetic exploration of this phenotype. We also demonstrated the pathogenic implication of certain candidate genes (n=4) using knock-out mice created by the new technology of genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9.Overall, this work demonstrates the interest and effectiveness of combining exome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 system to study spermatogenesis disorders and male infertility

    Caractérisation moléculaire et physiopathologique d'une nouvelle cause génétique de l'azoospermie non obstructive

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    Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common and usually untreatable type of male infertility with a poorly characterized etiology. Genetic analysis of men with NOA and oligozoospermia allowed us to identify mutations in the SPINK2 gene coding for a serine protease inhibitor, confirming the importance of the family of SPINK proteins in human pathologies. In accordance with these findings, Spink2 KO mice replicated the azoospermia phenotype. We also could demonstrated that in the absence of Spink2, protease-induced stress prevents acrosome biogenesis and initiates Golgi fragmentation associated with microautophagy-like process, contributing to the arrest of spermatid differentiation and cell detachment from the seminiferous epithelium. These results demonstrate that failure of post meiotic cellular events is a cause of human azoospermia. We further show that sperm from men with a heterozygous mutation or heterozygous Spink2 KO mice exhibit morphological defects and low mobility, leading to variable subfertility. These results demonstrate for the first time that SPINK2 insufficiency induces a pathological continuum ranging from oligoteratozoospermia with incomplete penetrance in heterozygous to azoospermia in homozygotes.L’azoospermie non obstructive est un phĂ©notype frĂ©quent et souvent incurable d’infertilitĂ© masculine avec une pauvre caractĂ©risation Ă©tiologique. L’analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique chez des hommes atteints d’azoospermie ou d’oligozoospermie nous a permis d’identifier des mutations sur le gĂšne SPINK2 qui code pour un inhibiteur de sĂ©rine-protĂ©ases, confirmant ainsi l’importance de la famille des protĂ©ines SPINK dans la pathologie humaine. En accord avec ces donnĂ©es, nous avons observĂ© que les souris Spink2 knock-out (KO) miment parfaitement le phĂ©notype d’azoospermie observĂ© chez les patients. Nous avons montrĂ© que la protĂ©ine codĂ©e par ce gĂšne est exprimĂ©e dans l’acrosome Ă  partir du stade de spermatide ronde et que son absence induit un stress cellulaire qui perturbe l’appareil de Golgi et active le processus de micro-autophagie empĂȘchant ainsi la biogenĂšse de l’acrosome. Les cellules germinales post mĂ©iotiques arrĂȘtent alors leur maturation et se dĂ©tachent de l’épithĂ©lium sĂ©minifĂšre pour dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rer dans l’épididyme. Nous avons Ă©galement pu observer que les spermatozoĂŻdes provenant de patients porteurs d’une mutation Ă  l’état hĂ©tĂ©rozygote ainsi que de souris KO hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes pour Spink2 prĂ©sentent un taux Ă©levĂ© d’anomalies morphologiques et une baisse de la mobilitĂ© progressive conduisant Ă  une hypofertilitĂ© variable. Ces rĂ©sultats montrent pour la premiĂšre fois que l’oligotĂ©ratozoospermie et l’azoospermie peuvent constituer un continuum pathologique dĂ» Ă  une mĂȘme pathogĂ©nie

    Exploration génétique et moléculaire de défauts post-méiotiques sévÚres de la spermatogenÚse entrainant une infertilité masculine

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    Infertility is currently considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a major health concern affecting more than 50 million couples worldwide. In western countries, the majority of infertile couples seek assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to achieve a pregnancy. Despite the success of these techniques, almost half of these couples fail to obtain a child. Part of these failures are explained by the alteration of gametogenesis. In humans, spermatogenesis involves hundreds of genes specifically expressed in the testis. The abundance of these genes suggests that spermatogenic defects are associated with a strong genetic component. Recently, technical advances have led to the identification of numerous causative genes, but the vast majority of male infertility cases remain idiopathic. The aim of the present thesis is to identify new genetic causes responsible for male infertility and to elucidate the physiopathological mechanisms associated with these anomalies.During my thesis, I participated with the team GETI (genetics, epigenetics and therapies of infertility) in the genetic exploration of two phenotypes of male infertility related to post-meiotic defects of spermatogenesis: a rare form of non-obstructive azoospermia and the phenotype of multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF). I have also played a key role in creation and analysis of transgenic mice to better characterize the pathogeny of the identified genetic causes in Human.Genetic analyses performed on two infertile brothers born form consanguineous parents and presenting an-idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia associated with a post-meiotic arrest of spermatogenesis allowed us to identify a homozygous variant in the SPINK2 gene that encodes a serine-protease inhibitor. Phenotypic analysis of Spink2-/- adult male mice showed that they are infertile and perfectly mimic the sperm and testicular phenotypes observed in our patients. We showed that Spink2 protein is expressed from the round spermatid stage and localized in the acrosome, a lysosomal-like vesicle rich in proteases that play a key role during fertilization. When Spink2 is absent, the deregulated proteolytic activity of the targeted proteases such as acrosin leads to the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and arrest of spermiogenesis at the round spermatid stage. We also showed that sperm from heterozygous human and mice present a high level of morphological abnormalities and a decrease of progressive motility leading to a variable subfertility. These results showed for the first time that oligo-teratozoospermia and azoospermia could present a pathological continuum due to the same pathogeny.We also performed exome sequencing in a cohort of 78 non related MMAF subjects and identified in 49 cases deleterious bi-allelic mutations in a total of 11 candidate genes including DNAH1, CFAP43, CFAP44, WDR66 and FSIP2 giving a genetic diagnosis yield of 63%. These results confirm the genetic heterogeneity of MMAF and the efficiency of high throughput sequencing in genetic exploration of this phenotype. We also demonstrated the pathogenic implication of certain candidate genes (n=4) using knock-out mice created by the new technology of genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9.Overall, this work demonstrates the interest and effectiveness of combining exome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 system to study spermatogenesis disorders and male infertility.L’infertilitĂ© est considĂ©rĂ©e actuellement par l’organisation mondiale de la santĂ© (OMS) comme une prĂ©occupation majeure de santĂ© affectant plus de 50 millions de couples dans le monde. Dans les pays occidentaux, la majoritĂ© des couples infertiles ont recours aux techniques d’assistance mĂ©dicale Ă  la procrĂ©ation (AMP) pour obtenir une grossesse. MalgrĂ© le succĂšs de ces techniques, prĂšs de la moitiĂ© des couples qui ont recours Ă  l’AMP sortent du parcours de soin sans enfant. Une partie de ces Ă©checs est expliquĂ©e par l’altĂ©ration de la gamĂ©togenĂšse. Chez l’homme, la spermatogenĂšse fait interagir des centaines de gĂšnes spĂ©cifiquement exprimĂ©s dans le testicule. L’abondance de ces gĂšnes suggĂšre que les troubles de la spermatogenĂšse prĂ©sentent une forte composante gĂ©nĂ©tique. RĂ©cemment, les avancĂ©es techniques ont favorisĂ© l’identification de gĂšnes responsables de ces anomalies mais la grande majoritĂ© des cas d’infertilitĂ© masculine reste classĂ©e comme idiopathique. L’objectif de la thĂšse est d’identifier de nouvelles causes gĂ©nĂ©tiques responsables d’infertilitĂ© masculine et d’élucider les mĂ©canismes physiopathologiques associĂ©s Ă  ces anomalies.Au cours de ma thĂšse j’ai participĂ© avec l’équipe GETI (gĂ©nĂ©tique, Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tique et thĂ©rapies de l’infertilitĂ©) Ă  l’exploration gĂ©nĂ©tique et molĂ©culaire de deux phĂ©notypes distincts d’anomalies spermatiques liĂ©s Ă  des dĂ©fauts post-mĂ©iotiques de la spermatogenĂšse : une forme rare d’azoospermie non obstructive (ANO) et le phĂ©notype d’anomalies morphologiques multiples du flagelle spermatique (AMMF). Enfin j’ai jouĂ© un rĂŽle important dans la crĂ©ation et l’analyse de modĂšles murins pour caractĂ©riser la pathogĂ©nie de ces anomalies.L’analyse gĂ©nĂ©tique de deux frĂšres infertiles nĂ©s de parents consanguins et prĂ©sentant une ANO idiopathique associĂ©e Ă  un arrĂȘt post-mĂ©iotique de la spermatogenĂšse nous a permis d’identifier un variant homozygote dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre dans le gĂšne SPINK2 qui code pour un inhibiteur de sĂ©rine-protĂ©ases. L’étude des souris KO pour ce gĂšne nous a permis d’observer que les souris mĂąles adultes sont infertiles et miment parfaitement les phĂ©notypes spermatique et testiculaire observĂ©s chez nos patients. Nous avons montrĂ© que la protĂ©ine codĂ©e par ce gĂšne est exprimĂ©e dans l’acrosome Ă  partir du stade de spermatide ronde. En l’absence de Spink2, l’activitĂ© protĂ©olytique non-neutralisĂ©e des protĂ©ases cibles qui transitent par le Golgi cause sa fragmentation et bloque la spermiogĂ©nĂšse au stade de spermatide ronde. Nous avons Ă©galement pu observer que les spermatozoĂŻdes provenant de patients et de souris hĂ©tĂ©rozygotes prĂ©sentent un taux Ă©levĂ© d’anomalies morphologiques et une baisse de la mobilitĂ© progressive conduisant Ă  une hypofertilitĂ© Ă  expressivitĂ© variable. Ces rĂ©sultats montrent pour la premiĂšre fois que l’oligo-tĂ©ratozoospermie et l’azoospermie peuvent constituer un continuum pathologique dĂ» Ă  une mĂȘme pathogĂ©nie.Nous avons Ă©galement rĂ©alisĂ© le sĂ©quençage exomique complet d’une cohorte de 78 individus AMMF non apparentĂ©s et avons identifiĂ© chez 49 sujets des mutations bi-allĂ©liques dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres dans 11 gĂšnes candidats dont DNAH1, CFAP43, CFAP44, WDR66 et FSIP2, soit un rendement diagnostique de 63%. Ces rĂ©sultats confirment l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique du phĂ©notype MMAF et l’efficacitĂ© diagnostique du sĂ©quençage haut dĂ©bit dans son exploration. Nous avons Ă©galement validĂ© l’implication de certains gĂšnes candidats (n=4) dans ce phĂ©notype chez le modĂšle murin knock-out crĂ©Ă© par la nouvelle technologie d’édition du gĂ©nome, CRISPR/Cas9.Dans son ensemble, ce travail montre l’intĂ©rĂȘt et l’efficacitĂ© de la combinaison du sĂ©quençage exomique et de la technique de CRISPR/Cas9 pour Ă©tudier les troubles de la spermatogenĂšse et l’infertilitĂ© masculine
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