A study on patients with coronary artery disease with special reference to bone mineral density

Background: Osteoporosis and Coronary artery disease are known to share common risk factors, like inflammation, but a direct relationship between the two has not been established. Some of the previous studies showed low BMD (osteoporosis and/orosteopenia) as an independent predictive factor for coronary artery disease in ambulatory patients. However, some reports have failed to demonstrate a direct relationship between low bone mineral density (BMD) and CAD or cardiovascular risk factors. This study was carried out to estimate bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and also to evaluate the association between bone mineral density and coronary artery disease.Methods: Hospital based prospective observational study, involving 96 consecutive patients who were referred for coronary angiography for the evaluation of established or suspected CAD and also patients who had acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are enrolled in this study. BMD was determined for the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck using DXA scan.Results: The total number of subjects was 96. Out of 96, 24 (25%) patients were females and remaining 72 (75%) were males. Coronary angiography was carried out in all patients. 42 patients from the total had coronary angiography proven single vessel disease (SVD), 33 patients had double vessel disease (DVD) and 21 patients had triple vessel disease (TVD). DXA scan was carried out in all patients. T- score of neck of femur region and lumbar spine was calculated. Neither the presence of significant coronary stenoses ≥50% in two or more coronary vessels nor the prevalence of severe coronary stenoses ≥70% differed significantly between patients with normal bone density, osteopenia, or osteoporosis (p<0.05, respectively).Conclusions: The result of this study suggests that in patients undergoing coronary angiography for the evaluation of CAD, the prevalence of low BMD is high; however, there is no statistically significant relationship between osteoporosis, osteopenia and coronary artery disease state

A formally verified authentication protocol in secure framework for mobile healthcare during COVID-19-like pandemic

Existing schemes in the realm of mobile healthcare (also, e-Healthcare) based on cloud and IoMT (Internet of Medical Things) do not ensure end-to-end security and are not compliant with HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). It is also very difficult often for these schemes to obtain evidence from the cloud in case of security breaches. In addition to these issues, mobile healthcare applications are prone to various types of attacks and formal proof is often unavailable. In this work, we propose our community cloud framework in an IoMT setting that ensures end-to-end security and circumvents many of the existing negative aspects using the Trusted Platform Module (TPM). We provide necessary proofs using BAN logic and Scyther tool. Also, we show that the energy consumption and the costs of communication and computation for our proposed protocol are far less than that of the existing protocols. We have implemented our protocol using Kotlin language in Android Studio ensuring all the required security properties