A new classification of hemirings through double-framed soft h-ideals

Due to lack of parameterization, various ordinary uncertainty theories like theory of fuzzy sets, and theory of probability cannot solve complicated problems of economics and engineering involving uncertainties. The aim of the present paper was to provide an appropriate mathematical tool for solving such type of complicated problems. For the said purpose, the notion of double-framed soft sets in hemirings is introduced. As h-ideals of hemirings play a central role in the structural theory, therefore, we developed a new type of subsystem of hemirings. Double-framed soft left (right) h-ideal, double-framed soft h-bi-ideals and double-framed soft h-quasi-ideals of hemiring are determined. These concepts are elaborated through suitable examples. Furthermore, we are bridging ordinary h-ideals and double-framed soft h-ideals of hemirings through double-framed soft including sets and characteristic double-framed soft functions. It is also shown that every double-framed soft h-quasi-ideal is double-framed soft h-bi-ideal but the converse inclusion does not hold. A well-known class of hemrings i.e. h-hemiregular hemirings is characterized by the properties of these newly developed double-framed soft h-ideals o

Rational Prescription and Cost-Effective Medication: Challenges and Opportunities in Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the countries with the highest number of medications filled per prescription due to overly prescribed antibiotics and injectable drugs. This is due to a lack of ethical practices in prescribing because doctors are significantly influenced by lucrative financial incentives of pharmaceutical companies rather than clinical findings. This immoral activity has become significantly amplified over the past few years and continues to be a challenge in Pakistan. Currently, there is no code of ethics for marketing and promotional activities of pharmaceutical companies. This year, authorities have step up and are in the process of creating policies to regulate companies and practitioners. Implementation of these new policies needs vigilance from health officials, strong professional commitment and institutional collaboration. If executed correctly, these polices should create an environment of professionalism within the healthcare sector.   Article Type: Lette

Bi-ideals of ordered semigroups based on the interval-valued fuzzy point

Interval-valued fuzzy set theory (advanced generalization of Zadeh’s fuzzy sets) is a more generalized theory that can deal with real world problems more precisely than ordinary fuzzy set theory. In this paper, we introduce the notion of generalized quasi-coincident with (q(Formula Presented)) relation of an interval-valued fuzzy point with an interval-valued fuzzy set. In fact, this new concept is a more generalized form of quasi-coincident with relation of an interval-valued fuzzy point with an interval-valued fuzzy set. Applying this newly defined idea, the notion of an interval-valued (∈,∈vq(Formula Presented)) -fuzzy bi-ideal is introduced. Moreover, some characterizations of interval-valued (∈,∈vq(Formula Presented)) -fuzzy bi-ideals are described. It is shown that an interval-valued (∈,∈vq(Formula Presented)) -fuzzy bi-ideal is an interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideal by imposing a condition on interval-valued fuzzy subset. Finally, the concept of implication-based interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideals, characterizations of an interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideal and an interval-valued (∈,∈vq(Formula Presented)) - fuzzy bi-ideal are considered

Assessment of Change Orders Attributes in Preconstruction and Construction Phase

Construction projects are very complex in nature. Each activity involves multiple varying tasks. Construction industry is the main source of economic growth. When change order occur performance of projects momentously affected.  Change orders often have a serious impact on the quality, time and cost. Eventually it results in disputes, delays, and dissatisfactions among stakeholders and ultimately results in failures of projects. In past several studies have been done to evaluate the causes of change order and its effects. Attempts have been made to quantify these impacts by many researchers, but the aim of this study is to identify the causes of change order in two different phases i.e. preconstruction and construction stage. Views were taken from relevant experts over included factors after in-depth literature review from past researches. A questionnaire was made and floated with different construction players from clients, consultants and contractors side. The data was analyzed by SPSS using average index technique. The analysis of data showed that, Mistakes in specifications, Mistakes in design and Lack of experience in selecting construction team by client are the most critical factors during preconstruction phase. Whereas, Design modification by owner, change in scope at later stage and Delays in payment by client are most critical factors of construction phase, responsible for change order. The extensive discussion of these factors revealed various parameters related to Pakistan construction. This study will enable the clients, consultants and contractors to be aware of factors which causes changes in orders and their consequences on project completion. By the identification of possible reasons, the right decisions can be made to mark the project successful

New Types of Fuzzy Interior Ideals of Ordered Semigroups Based on Fuzzy Points

Subscribing to the Zadeh’s idea on fuzzy sets, many researchers strive to identify the key attributes of these sets for new finding in mathematics. In this perspective, new types of fuzzy interior ideals called (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideals of ordered semigroups are reported. Several classes of ordered semigroups such as regular ordered semigroups, intra-regular, simple and semi-simple ordered semigroups are characterized by (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideals and (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy ideals. We also prove that in regular (resp. intra-regular and semisimple) ordered semigroups the concept of (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy ideals and (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideals coincide. Further, we show that an ordered semigroup S is simple if and only if it is (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy simple. The characterization of intra-regular and semi-simple ordered semigroups in terms of (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy ideals and (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideals are provided. We define semiprime(∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy ideals and prove that S is left regular if and only if every(∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy left ideal is semiprime and S is intra-regular if and only if every (∈, ∈ ∨qk )-fuzzy ideal is semiprime. The concept of upper/lower parts of an (∈, ∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy interior ideal and some interesting results are discussed

Some innovative types of fuzzy bi-ideals in ordered semigroups

An ordered semigroup (algebraic structure) is a semigroup together with a partial order that is compatible with the semigroup operation. In many applied disciplines like computer science, coding theory, sequential machines and formal languages, the use of fuzzified algebraic structures especially ordered semigroups play a remarkable role. A theory of fuzzy sets in terms of fuzzy points on ordered semigroups can be developed. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of (alpha, beta)-fuzzy bi-ideals and ((beta) over bar, (alpha) over bar)-fuzzy bi-ideals of ordered semigroups, where alpha, beta is an element of{is an element of(gamma), q(delta), is an element of(gamma) boolean AND q(delta), is an element of(gamma) boolean OR q(delta)}, ($) over bar, (beta) over bar is an element of {(is an element of(gamma)) over bar, (q(delta)) over bar, (is an element of(gamma)) over bar boolean AND (q(delta)) over bar, (is an element of(gamma)) over bar boolean OR (q(delta)) over bar}, alpha not equal is an element of(gamma) boolean AND q(delta) and beta not equal (is an element of(gamma)) over bar(q(delta)) over bar and some related properties are investigated. The important milestone of this paper is, to link ordinary bi-ideals and fuzzy bi-ideals of types (is an element of(gamma), is an element of(gamma) boolean OR q(delta)) and ((is an element of(gamma)) over bar, (is an element of(gamma)) over bar boolean OR (q(delta)) over bar) using level subset U(mu; r). Special attention is paid to (is an element of(gamma,) is an element of(gamma) boolean OR q(delta))-fuzzy bi-ideals and ((is an element of(gamma)) over bar, (is an element of(gamma)) over bar boolean OR (q(delta)) over bar)-fuzzy bi-ideals

Intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideal of semigroup based on intuitionistic fuzzy point

The intuitionistic fuzzification of the notion of an interior ideal in ordered semigroups is considered. The purpose of this study is to introduce the notion of (∈, ∈ vq)-intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals and (∈, ∈)-intuitionistic fuzzy nterior ideals of semigroups. The important milestone of the present paper is to link ordinary intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals, (∈, ∈)-intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals and (∈, ∈ vq)-intuitionistic fuzzy interior ideals. Moreover, semigroups are characterized by the properties of these new notions

Structural and Ion Dynamics in Fluorine-Free Oligoether Carboxylate Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes

Here, we investigate the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of fluorine-free ionic liquid (IL)-based electrolytes with two different cations, tetrabutylphosphonium, (P-4,4,4,(4))(+), and tetrabutylammonium, (N-4,N-4,N-4,N-4)(+), coupled to a new anion, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxylacetate anion (MEEA), for both neat and (P-4,P-4,P-4,P-4) (MEEA)(-), also doped with 10-40 mol % of Li(MEEA). We find relatively weaker cation-anion interactions in (P-4,P-4,P-4,P-4)(MEEA) than in (N-4,N-4,N-4,N-4)(MEEA), and for both ILs, the structural flexibility of the oligoether functionality in the anion results in low glass transition temperatures, also for the electrolytes made. The pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR) data suggest faster diffusion of the (MEEA)(-) anion than (P-4,P-4,P-4,P-4)(+) cation in the neat IL, but the addition of a Li salt results in slightly lower mobility of the former than the latter and lower ionic conductivity. This agrees with the combined Li-7 NMR and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy data, which unambiguously reveal preferential interactions between the lithium cations and the carboxylate groups of the IL anions, which also increased as a function of the lithium salt concentration. In total, these systems provide a stepping stone for further design of fluorine-free and low glass transition temperature IL-based electrolytes and also stress how crucial it is to control the strength of ion-ion interactions

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Aerial Parts of Monotheca buxifolia

In this study, different aerial parts of Monotheca Buxifolia were screened for their antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-oxidant activity. Extract of the fruit was most active against P. mirabilis, MSSA and M. morganii strains. Moreover, the methanolic fruit extract demonstrated good antibacterial properties against VRSA, S. aureus and Acinetobacter. Despite having good antibacterial properties, Monotheca buxifolia showed low antifungal activity. The cytotoxic activity was the highest in the pet-ether fruit extract, causing 60% of lethality against Artemia salina larvae with LD50 at 3.307. The highest scavenging activity was shown by the methanolic leaf extract in a concentration-dependent pattern. The findings of this study suggest that Monotheca Buxifolia has good antibacterial, antioxidant potential but low antifungal properties

Mortality and its predictors among hospitalized patients with infections due to extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae in Malaysia: a retrospective observational study

Background: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) pathogens are associated with morbidity and mortality. There is a paucity of data describing the treatments and outcomes of ESBL infections in Malaysia. This study evaluated the treatments, mortality and associated factors among patients hospitalized with infections due to ESBL positive enterobacteriaceae. This is a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary hospital from January 2018 to June 2020. Hospitalized patients with ESBL-positive enterobacteriaceae infections were included. A clinical pharmacist collected data by reviewing the patients’ electronic medical records. The data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential analyses. Results: This analysis included 110 patients with a mean age of 62.1±14.4 years. Klebsiella pneumoniae (53.6%) and Escherichia coli (40.9%) were the most prevalent pathogens among the 110 infections. Bacteremia (42.7%) was the most frequent diagnosis. The isolates were resistant to majority of penicillins and cephalosporins. However, over a third (39.3%) were susceptible to piperacillin–tazobactam, while carbapenem susceptibility was extremely high (≥99%). The most frequently used empiric and defnitive antibiotics was piperacillin–tazobactam and meropenem, respectively. Less than a third (28.2%) of patients received active empiric antibiotics, and the mean duration before active antibiotics was 3.9±2.7. Overall, hospital mortality rate was 13.6%, and mortality was signifcantly associated with ICU admission (AOR 8.75; 95% CI 1.05–72.75; P=0.045) and diabetes mellitus (AOR 9.85; 95% CI 1.04–93.09; P=0.046). Conclusions: Carbapenems are the major antibiotics used to treat ESBL-positive enterobacteriaceae infections. Hospital mortality rate is relatively high and is signifcantly associated with in patients admitted to ICU and those with diabetes mellitus. Antibiotic stewardship interventions are necessary to promote early administration of active antibiotics and to reduce overuse of carbapenem antibiotics