Reinventing the structural fired clayey bricks through the geopolymerisation of laterites

Fired clayey products have been successfully used as structural materials for many engineering applications as building and construction all around the world. In the tropical area, however, the most available raw clayey materials are laterites (kaolinite with associated iron minerals). The kaolinite present in the laterites based concretes is amorphous or metastable prompt to be activated with alkaline solution. In this work, the results of the investigations regarding the geopolymerisation of laterites are presented. It was found that in the presence of amorphous silica, the iron minerals of laterites reacts to form low temperature iron silicates with particularly good mechanical properties (15-35 MPa) as the results of the combination of polysialates, ferrosialates and ferrosilicates. Composites obtained can be valorized as products of substitution of structural fired clayey products

Characterization, reactivity and rheological behaviour of metakaolin and Meta-halloysite based geopolymer binders

The type of aluminosilicate precursor used in the synthesis of geopolymer binders plays a huge role in the resulting performance. Thus, it is critical to understand the properties of precursors and how they influence the corresponding performance of geopolymer binders. In this study, metakaolin and meta halloysite are used as the aluminosilicate precursor in the synthesis of geopolymer binders. These precursors are obtained locally in order to propel the sustainable development and application of geopolymers. The precursors were characterized and the corresponding influence on the reactivity, rheology and setting times of geopolymers was investigated. In addition to the influence of precursor type on the properties of the geopolymers, the effect of two silica moduli (i.e. 1.3 and 1.5) was also evaluated. The results from this study indicated that increasing the activator silica modulus from 1.3 to 1.5 extended the setting times and increased the stress strain of the geopolymer binders. Characterization of the precursors indicated that metakaolin has a higher amorphous content compared to that of meta halloysite. However, the finer particles of meta halloysite embodied it with the ability to participate in a faster geopolymerization and result in more formation of activation products

Mechanical and microstructural properties of geopolymer mortars from meta-halloysite: effect of titanium dioxide TiO2 (anatase and rutile) content

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Titanium Dioxide TiO2 (anatase and rutile) on mechanical and microstructural properties of meta-halloysite based geopolymer mortars namely GMHA and GMHR series. Meta-halloysite received 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 wt% of anatase or rutile as addition before calcination and geopolymerization. The raw materials and the end products were characterized using XRD, FTIR, ESEM and MIP analyses. The flexural strength increases from 6.90 to 9.13 MPa and from 6.90 to 12.33 MPa for GMHA and GMHR series respectively. The cumulative pore volume decreases from 102.2 to 84.2 mm3 g−1 and from 102.2 to 51.3 mm3 g−1 for GMHA and GMHR products respectively. Both matrices present micrographs with very low capillaries pores and fractured surfaces that confirmed the enhancement of the mechanical properties. It was concluded that TiO2 in both forms is beneficial for the reduction of porosity and densification of geopolymer matrices. Rutile enabled more compact and denser geopolymer structure compared to anatase. The aforementioned results showed the efficiency of both fine TiO2 particles to improve the geopolymer network significant for its durability

Thermal behaviour of metakaolin–bauxite blends geopolymer: microstructure and mechanical properties

This paper investigates the use of bauxite widely available in northern Cameroon as an additive in the optimization of some properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer. To do this, several geopolymer mixtures were prepared by substituting metakaolin (MK) by bauxite (BA) (from 0 to 50%) and partially kept at room temperature (28 °C), while others were sintered at 200, 800 and 1200 °C. The raw materials and resulting products were characterized using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), densification parameters, mechanical properties as well as microstructural morphologies. The results revealed that the setting time of the geopolymer pastes increased with the bauxite content due to its low dissolution in alkaline medium at room temperature. The mechanical strength of samples decreased from 35.20 to 11.10 MPa at room temperature. At 1200 °C, the higher strengths (50, 98 and 70 MPa) were achieved in MKBA10, MKBA20 and MKBA30, respectively. These samples also exhibited dense and compact microstructure partially due to packing particles effect and the nature of bauxite known as refractory material. Thermal shrinkage and relatively high mass losses reflected the decomposition of chemical compounds within the system. Thus, the synthesized materials heated at 1200 °C could be used as a potential candidate for refractory applications

Semi-vitrified porous kyanite mullite ceramics: Young modulus, microstructure and pore size evolution

Microporous porcelain formulations are successfully carried out through sintering processing. During the thermal treatment of ceramic products, it was found that the addition of kyanite together with ϕ- and γ-Al2O3 allowed to enhance interconnected pores network with micrometric size from 0.1 to 9 µm in a semi-vitrified composite. Between 1200 and 1350 °C, the mullitization of kyanite hindered the extension of vitrification and the growth of acicular mullite from the transformation of metakaolin. The main pores size decreased from 4.33 to 1.54 µm for the formulation containing 32 wt% of kyanite. In this interval the specific pore area increased from 0.64 to 8.75 m2 g−1 due to the total conversion of the kyanite to fibrous and acicular mullite that reduced the voids provided by the earlier mullitization. The improvement in the mullitization without extensive vitrification and grain growth and the reduction of the pores size with the increase in the specific pore area contributed to the formation of a microporous matrix with the Young's modulus increased from 7 to > 20 GPa. The microstructure of the microporous porcelain, their specific pore area and pores size as well as the interconnection of pores was found innovative for the applications in the field of engineering filtration where high mechanical strength, strain, stiffness and pressure resistance are required

Sustainability assessment of geopolymer concrete synthesized by slag and corncob ash

Globally, sustainable construction materials are promoted in the construction and building sector due to the high utilization of Portland cement as a conventional binder and its associated energy and environmental impacts. Consequently, geopolymer concrete emerges as a substitute for conventional concrete. This study designed two grades of geopolymer concrete (GPC) strengths (C 30 and 40 MPa) with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and corncob ash (CCA) as alternative binders. The binders, varied at 0–100 wt% of GGBFS by CCA, were activated with sodium hydroxide (SH) and sodium silicate (SS) solutions. After 28 days of curing, the compressive strength of the concrete cubes was determined. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of the concrete constituents were assessed. At the same time, their sustainability and economic indexes were estimated via the Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) within the cradle-to-site confinement. The findings showed that GGBFS-CCA-based geopolymer concrete exhibited lesser environmental impact and higher sustainable and economic efficiency than Portland cement concrete. Thus, these outcomes can be advantageous in achieving a cleaner built milieu and sustainable construction

Recent progress in low-carbon binders

The development of low-carbon binders has been recognized as a means of reducing the carbon footprint of the Portland cement industry, in response to growing global concerns over CO2 emissions from the construction sector. This paper reviews recent progress in the three most attractive low-carbon binders: alkali-activated, carbonate, and belite-ye'elimite-based binders. Alkali-activated binders/materials were reviewed at the past two ICCC congresses, so this paper focuses on some key developments of alkali-activated binders/materials since the last keynote paper was published in 2015. Recent progress on carbonate and belite-ye'elimite-based binders are also reviewed and discussed, as they are attracting more and more attention as essential alternative low-carbon cementitious materials. These classes of binders have a clear role to play in providing a sustainable future for global construction, as part of the available toolkit of cements

Ferrisilicates formation during the geopolymerization of natural Fe-rich aluminosilicate precursors

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Alkali-activated laterite binders: Influence of silica modulus on setting time, Rheological behaviour and strength development

This paper present the results from a comprehensive study undertaken to investigate and develop alkali-activated binders (AABs) with laterite soil as the aluminosilicate precursor. In this study, the effect of the silica modulus (SiO2/Na2O) of the activator on the setting time, rheological properties and strength development were investigated. Iron-rich laterite sourced from West Africa was used as the aluminosilicate precursor alongside sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide for the production of the activator. The activators were prepared to have varying silica modulus of 1.3, 1.5, 1.7 and 2. The findings from this study showed that the silica modulus of the activator used in the synthesis of the laterite-based AABs has a significant influence on the resulting properties of the binders. It was found out the optimum silica modulus is 1.3 and increasing the silica modulus of the activator results in detrimental effects on the hardened properties of the AABs. In the same context, increasing the silica modulus of the activator from 1.3 to 2.0 extended the final setting of the binder time by 56.1% while the compressive strength at 56 days reduced by 57%. Microstructural investigation on the binders showed that the main products of alkali activation of the calcined laterite are quartz, ilmenite, hematite and maghemite. It was concluded that laterite-based AABs with good performance can be produced with a silica modulus of 1.3 and used as a possible alternative for Portland cement as a binder