German Idealism and the Origins of Pure Mathematics: Riemann, Dedekind, Cantor

When it comes to the relation of modern mathematics and philosophy, most people tend to think of the three major schools of thought—i.e. logicism, formalism, and intuitionism—that emerged as profound researches on the foundations and nature of mathematics in the beginning of the 20th century and have shaped the dominant discourse of an autonomous discipline of analytic philosophy, generally known under the rubric of “philosophy of mathematics” since then. What has been completely disregarded by these philosophical attitudes, these foundational researches which seek to provide pure mathematics with a philosophically plausible justification by founding it on firm logico-philosophical bases, is that the genuine self-foundation of pure mathematics had been done before, namely during the 19th century, when it was developing into an entirely new and independent discipline as a concomitant of the continuous dissociation of mathematics from the physical world. This self-foundation of the 19th-century pure mathematics, however, was more akin to the German-idealist interpretations of Kant’s transcendental philosophy, than the post-factum, retrospective 20th-century researches on the foundations of mathematics. This article aims to demonstrate this neglected historical fact via delving into the philosophical inclinations of the three major founders of the 19th-century pure mathematics, Riemann, Dedekind and Cantor. Consequently, pure mathematics, with respect to its idealist origins, proves to be a formalization and idealization of certain activities specific to a self-conscious transcendental subjectivity

Helmuth Plessner; a Philosophical Anthropology of Biological Provenance

Helmuth Plessner, beside Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, is known as one of the great founders of new philosophical anthropology movement. From among new anthropological theories, however, perhaps none has recently come to the center of attention and begun to flourish more than Plessner’s, not only in the field of philosophical anthropology, but also in science and technology. The ground for such a so-called “Plessner Renaissance” shall be immediately known in this article, once the special place Plessner’s theory occupies in both the prominent contemporary explanatory paradigms, in general, and philosophical-anthropological theories, in particular, is specified. In doing so, Plessner’s philosophical contribution is determined as: A non-reductive naturalistic explanatory paradigm as a middle ground between new Darwinism, social-cultural-historical constructivism, and naive transcendentalism. A phenomenological-hermeneutical account of the biological life, in general. A biological-based transformational philosophical anthropology, in particular. The focus of the present article is on Plessner’s contribution to the philosophy of biology as well as philosophical anthropology

Determination of CTX-M genes in enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase using PCR method

زمینه و هدف:بتالاکتاماز وسیع الطیف گروه CTX-M در سراسر جهان به عنوان یک مکانیسم مهم مقاومت در مقابل سفالوسپورین در پاتوژن های گرم منفی شناخته شده و به سرعت در حال افزایش اند. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین ژن CTX-M در سویه های انتروباکتریاسه مولد بتالاکتامازهای وسیع الطیف ایزوله شده از بیمارستان های آموزشی شهرکرد به روش واکنش زنجیره ای پلی مراز (PCR) بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی، 325 ایزوله انتروباکتریاسه از نمونه های ادرار، خون و زخم جداسازی و با آزمون های بیوشیمیایی تعیین هویت شدند. مقاومت باکتری ها نسبت به دیسک های سفوتاکسیم، سفتازیدیم، سفتریاکسون و آزترونام به روش دیسک دیفیوژن تعیین شد. ایزوله های مقاوم به آنتی بیوتیک های فوق بوسیله تست تاییدی دیسک های ترکیبی سفوتاکسیم-کلاولانیک اسید و سفتازیدیم-کلاولانیک اسید بررسی شدند. سپس در سویه های مولد بتالاکتامازهای وسیع الطیف، وجود ژن CTX-M با روش PCR بررسی شد. یافته ها: در تست فنوتیپی تاییدی 28 ایزوله ها بتالاکتامازهای وسیع الطیف تولید می کردند و فراوانی ژن بتالاکتاماز CTX-M در کل انتروباکتریاسه های فنوتیپ مثبت 5/50 در ایزوله های اشرشیاکلی، انتروباکتر و کلبسیلاپنومونیه به ترتیب 7/19، 4/15 و 4 بدست آمد (05/0

Prophylactic Bacteriophage Administration More Effective than Post-infection Administration in Reducing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis Shedding in Quail

Infections caused by Salmonella bacteria, often through poultry products, are a serious public health issue. Because of drawbacks associated with antibiotic prophylaxis, alternative treatments are sought. Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) may provide an effective alternative, but concerns remain with respect to bacteriophage stability and effectiveness. To this end, we assessed the stability of a novel bacteriophage isolated from poultry excreta, siphovirus PSE, and its effectiveness in reducing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we sought to determine how the timing (prophylactic or therapeutic) and route (oral gavage or vent lip) of PSE administration impacted its effectiveness. Here we report that significant quantities of viable PSE bacteriophages were recovered following exposure to high and low pH, high temperatures, and bile salts, testifying to its ability to survive extreme conditions. In addition, we found that ileal lactic acid bacteria and Streptococcus spp. counts increased, but colibacilli and total aerobe counts decreased, in quail receiving phage PSE through both oral gavage and vent lip routes. In other experiments, we assessed the efficiency of PSE administration, in both prophylactic and therapeutic contexts, via either oral gavage or vent lip administration, on S. Enteritidis colonization of quail cecal tonsils. Our results demonstrate that administration of PSE as a preventive agent could reduce the S. Enteritidis colonization more effectively than post-challenge administration. Furthermore, oral administration of PSE phage is a more effective prophylactic tool for reduction of S. Enteritidis shedding in poultry than is vent lip administration

To Reduce the Effects of Experimental Aflatoxicosis in Broiler Chicks Using Specific Egg Yolk Immunoglobulin (IgY)

Background: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) on reducing the defects of experimental aflatoxicosis in broilers.Materials and Methods: In a completely randomized design, a total of 128 Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 8 observations (chicks) for 42 days.  Treatments were: 1) control; 2) diet containing 1 ppm aflatoxin B1; 3) diet contaminated with 1 ppm aflatoxin B1 + 0.75 % of egg yolk containing IgY; 4) diet contaminated with 1 ppm aflatoxin B1 + 1.5 % of egg yolk containing IgY.Results: The results showed that the use of aflatoxin containing diet significantly increased the feed conversion ratio, serum cholesterol concentration, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Also, experimental aflatoxicosis resulted in reduced feed intake, weight gain, serum total protein and albumin concentrations (p<0.05); as well as the liver histopathologic lesions. IgY containing egg yolk (0.75% and 1.5%) added to the contaminated ration improved feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio compared to treatment 2 (p<0.05). Compared to treatment 2, serum cholesterol concentration decreased while total protein concentration increased in treatments 3 and 4 (p<0.05). Liver tissue was approximately normal with mild effects on hepatocytes and mild cytoplasmic changes in chicks receiving treatments 3 and 4. Conclusion: It can be concluded that specific IgY is effective in reducing the defects of experimental aflatoxicosis as well as improving performance in broilers.

Effect of Probiotic, Thyme, Garlic and Caraway Herbal Extracts on the Quality and Quantity of Eggs, Blood Parameters, Intestinal Bacterial Population and Histomorphology in Laying Hens

In the current Iranian poultry industry, antibiotics are the most frequently used additive in feeds to increase the productivity. Regarding the negative effects on human health due to consuming chicken whose feeds contain antibiotics, finding an appropriate alternative is of a great importance. This study aims to find an appropriate and harmless feed additive to increase the quality and quantity of poultry eggs. Total of 60 laying hens which had been in production for 85 weeks were allocated in a completely randomized design considering five treatments with four replicates and three birds in each. Group one received a layer basal diet with no supplementation which served as control. The second, third and fourth groups received basal diet with 1 mL of herbal extracts (garlic, thyme and caraway) / L drinking water, respectively. The fifth group fed the basal diet plus 1 g of probiotic / kg diet. The number and weight of produced eggs were measured in a daily manner, feed consumption in weekly manner and the egg quality, yolk cholesterol, intestinal bacterial population and effect of treatments on the morphology of the small intestine were measured at the end of experiment after 8 weeks. All treatments showed no overall effect on quality and quantity of produced eggs in comparison with controls; however, the thyme and garlic extracts reduced the cholesterol of serum and yolk relative to the control. The herbal extracts caused a significant decrease in the intestinal bacterial population and probiotic increased villus height in ileum (

The prevalence sarcocystis infection in slaughtered animals in slaughterhouse of Shahrekord using histhopathological method 2008.

زمینه و هدف: سارکوسیستوزیس یک عفونت تک یاخته ای مشترک بین انسان و دام است که توسط گونه های مختلف سارکوسیستیس ایجاد می شود. این انگل شیوع جهانی داشته و در بسیاری از حیوانات آلودگی ایجاد می نماید و از نظر بهداشتی و اقتصادی ضررهای زیادی را وارد می کند. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین میزان آلودگی سارکوسیستیس در دام های کشتارشده در کشتارگاه شهرکرد با استفاده از روش هیستوپاتولوژی می باشد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی –آزمایشگاهی قلب 70 رأس بز و 70 رأس گوسفند سالم، اندام های مری، ران، دیافراگم و قلب دام ها به صورت ماکروسکوپی از نظر وجود کیست سارکوسیستیس بازرسی شدند. در صورت مشکوک و یا سالم نبودن این اندام ها، قلب جهت تهیه مقطع پاتولوژی در فرمالین نگهداری و پس از تهیه مقطع مورد مطالعه میکروسکوپی قرار گرفت. اطلاعات جمع آوری شده به صورت توزیع فراوانی گزارش گردید. یافته ها: از تعداد 140 دام مورد بررسی در بازرسی ماکروسکپی وجود کیست در دیافراگم 7/15 در گوسفند و 8/2 در بز، مری 1/7 در گوسفند و 4/1 در بز یافت شد. در بررسی میکروسکوپی میزان آلودگی سارکوسیستیس در قلب های به ظاهر سالم در گوسفند 80 و بز 70 نشان داده شد. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به شیوع بالای آلودگی سارکوسیستیس در جهان و ایران، همچنین گزارشات مختلف تا 100 آلودگی، بنظر می رسد مطالعات بیشتری جهت تعیین حساسیت و ویژگی این روش در مقایسه با سایر روش ها ضروری می باشد. همچنین با توجه به میزان آلودگی بدست آمده در قلب های سالم نیاز به دقت در نگهداری صحیح گوشت و پخت کامل گوشت و همچنین تغییر نگرش در نحوه نگهداری دام ها از نوع سنتی به روش صنعتی دام ها توصیه می شود

Effect of supplementation of oil palm (Eleis guineensis) frond asa substitute for concentrate feed on rumen fermentation, carcass characteristics and microbial populations in sheep

Thirty growing cross-bred sheep (20.4 ± 1.9 kg body weight (BW)) were used to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of oil palm (Eleis guineensis) frond (OPF) pellets on growth performance, microbial population and carcass characteristics of sheep. Experimental animals were allotted into three treatment groups fed varying levels of OPF pellets and commercial sheep pellets. Treatment diets were control diet (CON group, n=10), 25% OPF pellet in diet (% w/w) (HAF group, n=10) and 50% OPF pellet in diet (OPF group, n=10). After 100 days of feeding, all animals from each group were slaughtered, and carcass and rumen fluid were sampled. Both the HAF and CON groups had much more propionic acid and less acetic acid (P<0.05) compared to the OPF group at 8 h of sampling. Both HAF and CON had more marbling compared to OPF (P˂0.05). The HAF and CON groups had also more bacteria per milliliter (mL) of rumen fluid compared with the OPF group at 0 and 2 h of sampling. Therefore, the supplementation of OPF, which is an easily available oil palm by-product, could be used as a feed ingredient at 25% inclusion level to support sheep farming in tropical countries that lack grazing pasture

The effect of earthworm (Eisenia foetida) meal with vermi-humus on growth performance, hematology, immunity, intestinal microbiota, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broiler chickens

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the effect of varied amount of earthworm meal (EW) and vermihumus (VH) on the growth performance of broiler chickens. Three hundred 1-d-old broiler chickens were assigned to 5 starter treatments with 5 pens per treatment, and 12 broiler chickens per pen in a completely randomized design from d 0–14 of the study. Dietary treatments were [per kilogram dry matter (DM)]: control (0 g EW and 0 g VH/kg of DM), and the diets containing 10 g VH/kg of DM supplemented with 0, 10, 20, or 30 g EW/kg of DM. At the end of the study (d 42), one representative broiler chicken per pen, close to the average body weight, was selected for blood sampling using a sterile needle and heparinized vacuum tube. The outcomes of the study depicted the greater overall feed intake value in broiler chicken fed the control diet than those fed the diets containing VH or EW or both, and it decreased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05) as the amount of EW supplementation increased. The average weight gain for the chickens was numerically increased as supplementation of EW was increased (linear, =0.3; quadratic P=0.4). On the other hand, overall feed conversation ratio was slightly greater (P=0.02) in broiler chickens fed the control diet, and it decreased linearly (P=0.03) as dietary EW supplementation increased. Additionally, the serum total protein, albumin, Ca, and P concentrations were lower in broiler chickens fed the control diet, and those variables increased linearly (P<0.05) as dietary EW increased. In like manner, humoral immune response (except heterophil/lymphocyte ratio) and relative weights of immune organs were lower in broiler chickens fed the control diet. Remarkable differences were observed between carcass and ileum characteristics of broiler chickens under treatments. Varied concentrations of EW showed increased total counts of lactic acid bacteria (linear, P<0.05; quadratic, P=0.3) and reduced population of pathogenic intestinal microbiota (linear, P0.05). Similarly, the meat quality of broiler chicken was markedly affected linearly (P<0.05) by the supplementation of increased dietary EW. Briefly, diets containing 30 g EW/kg of DM can positively affect the growth performance of broiler chickens and produce meat with better characteristics

Effect of Chamomile, Wild Mint and Oregano Herbal Extracts on Quality and Quantity of Eggs, Hatchability, and Some Other Parameters in Laying Japanese Quails

According to various reports of beneficial effects of medicinal plants on the performance of broiler chickens and less extensively studies in laying poultries, this study was conducted to find an appropriate and harmless feed additive to enhance the quality and quantity of poultry eggs. The effect of three herbal extracts on quantity and quality of eggs, blood parameters, hatchability, intestinal bacterial population, and intestinal morphology in laying Japanese quail were investigated. The study was applied with 64, ten-week old laying Japanese quails for 8 weeks. The experiment was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 4 replications and 4 birds per replicate (the ratio of male to female 1:3). Experimental treatments involved: Control, with no additive in drinking water; chamomile extract; wild mint extract; and oregano extract. Herbal extracts were added 1 mL/L drinking water. The three treatments showed no significant effect on productivity, egg mass, FCR, egg weight, feed intake and qualitative indices of eggs; however, the herbal extracts specially the chamomile extract reduced the cholesterol of eggs (