1,574 research outputs found
On Dust Extinction of Gamma-ray Burst Host Galaxies
Although it is well recognized that gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows are
obscured and reddened by dust in their host galaxies, the wavelength-dependence
and quantity of dust extinction are still poorly known. Current studies on this
mostly rely on fitting the afterglow spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with
template extinction models. The inferred extinction (both quantity and
wavelength-dependence) and dust-to-gas ratios are often in disagreement with
that obtained from dust depletion and X-ray spectroscopy studies. We argue that
this discrepancy could result from the prior assumption of a template
extinction law. We propose an analytical formula to approximate the GRB host
extinction law. With the template extinction laws self-contained, and the
capability of revealing extinction laws differing from the conventional ones,
it is shown that this is a powerful approach in modeling the afterglow SEDs to
derive GRB host extinction.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures; The Astrophysical Journal, in press (2008 Oct 1
issue
The enzymes LSD1 and Set1A cooperate with the viral protein HBx to establish an active hepatitis B viral chromatin state
Indexación: Web of ScienceWith about 350 million people chronically infected around the world hepatitis B is a major health problem. Template for progeny HBV synthesis is the viral genome, organized as a minichromosome (cccDNA) inside the hepatocyte nucleus. How viral cccDNA gene expression is regulated by its chromatin structure; more importantly, how the modulation of this structure impacts on viral gene expression remains elusive. Here, we found that the enzyme SetDB1 contributes to setting up a repressed cccDNA chromatin state. This repressive state is activated by the histone lysine demethylase-1 (LSD1). Consistently, inhibiting or reducing LSD1 levels led to repression of viral gene expression. This correlates with the transcriptionally repressive mark H3K9 methylation and reduction on the activating marks H3 acetylation and H3K4 methylation on viral promoters. Investigating the importance of viral proteins we found that LSD1 recruitment to viral promoters was dependent on the viral transactivator protein HBx. Moreover, the histone methyltransferase Set1A and HBx are simultaneously bound to the core promoter, and Set1A expression correlates with cccDNA H3K4 methylation. Our results shed light on the mechanisms of HBV regulation mediated by the cccDNA chromatin structure, offering new therapeutic targets to develop drugs for the treatment of chronically infected HBV patients.http://www.nature.com/articles/srep2590
Differential spot-size focus servo
We describe performance of a differential spot-size (wax-wane) focus servo. Crosstalk from the tracks are analyzed in the single detector and differential focus circuits. Magnitude of the crosstalk is reduced by a factor of three in the differential circuit. A false focus-error signal (FES) is present when the spot crosses sector marks at an angle
Bioinformatics for personal genome interpretation
none4An international consortium released the first draft sequence of the human genome 10 years ago. Although the analysis of this data has suggested the genetic underpinnings of many diseases, we have not yet been able to fully quantify the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Thus, a major current effort of the scientific community focuses on evaluating individual predispositions to specific phenotypic traits given their genetic backgrounds. Many resources aim to identify and annotate the specific genes responsible for the observed phenotypes. Some of these use intra-species genetic variability as a means for better understanding this relationship. In addition, several online resources are now dedicated to collecting single nucleotide variants and other types of variants, and annotating their functional effects and associations with phenotypic traits. This information has enabled researchers to develop bioinformatics tools to analyze the rapidly increasing amount of newly extracted variation data and to predict the effect of uncharacterized variants. In this work, we review the most important developments in the field-the databases and bioinformatics tools that will be of utmost importance in our concerted effort to interpret the human variome. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press.openCapriotti, Emidio; Nehrt, Nathan L.; Kann, Maricel G.; Bromberg, YanaCapriotti, Emidio; Nehrt, Nathan L.; Kann, Maricel G.; Bromberg, Yan
What Would Happen If You Ditched Your Textbook? Gettysburg Faculty Share Strategies
How much do your course materials really cost? Do your students obtain all the books you assign? How much does access to required readings affect student success? What would happen if you ditched your textbook?
If you’ve ever been tempted to toss your conventional reading list out the window and start over, this session is for you. Learn how colleagues are swapping out expensive course materials for more affordable options, including freely available materials, library-licensed items, and original creations. Our panelists are: Ian Clarke – Ian recently abandoned his $150 textbook for ENG 111 (Writing through Literature) and created an open reading list instead. Sharon Birch – In 2011, Sharon dropped the classic text for SOC 203 (Population) and replaced it with a variety of library-licensed and freely available materials. More recently she has begun developing her own open textbook for this course. Chuck Kann – Chuck has written several open educational resources and posted them in The Cupola. He uses them in CS 221 (Computer Organization and Assembly Language Programming); they have also been adopted by professors teaching at other institutions and have been downloaded around the world.
You’ll leave with a clear idea of how a range of simple to complex strategies could help make your course materials more affordable, too
Super-Maxwellian Helium Evaporation from Pure and Salty Water
Helium atoms evaporate from pure water and salty solutions in super-Maxwellian speed distributions, as observed experimentally and modeled theoretically.The experiments are performed by monitoring the velocities of dissolved He atoms that evaporate from microjets of pure water at 252 K and 4–8.5 molal LiCl and LiBr at 232–252 K. The average He atom energies exceed the flux-weighted Maxwell-Boltzmann average of 2RT by 30% for pure water and 70% for 8.5m LiBr. Classical molecular dynamics simulations closely reproduce the observed speed distributions and provide microscopic insight into the forces that eject the He atoms from solution. Comparisons of the density profile and He kinetic energies across the water-vacuum interface indicate that the He atoms are accelerated by He–water collisions within the top 1-2 layers of the liquid. We also find that the average He atom kinetic energy scales with the free energy of solvation of this sparingly soluble gas. This free-energydifference reflects the steeply decreasing potential of mean force on the He atoms in the interfacial region, whose gradient is the repulsive force that tends to expel the atoms. The accompanying sharp decrease in water density suppresses the He–water collisions that would otherwise maintain a Maxwell-Boltzmanndistribution, allowing the He atom to escape at high energies. Helium is especially affected by this reduction in collisions because its weak interactions make energy transfer inefficient
The Mammalian Cell Cycle Regulates Parvovirus Nuclear Capsid Assembly.
It is unknown whether the mammalian cell cycle could impact the assembly of viruses maturing in the nucleus. We addressed this question using MVM, a reference member of the icosahedral ssDNA nuclear parvoviruses, which requires cell proliferation to infect by mechanisms partly understood. Constitutively expressed MVM capsid subunits (VPs) accumulated in the cytoplasm of mouse and human fibroblasts synchronized at G0, G1, and G1/S transition. Upon arrest release, VPs translocated to the nucleus as cells entered S phase, at efficiencies relying on cell origin and arrest method, and immediately assembled into capsids. In synchronously infected cells, the consecutive virus life cycle steps (gene expression, proteins nuclear translocation, capsid assembly, genome replication and encapsidation) proceeded tightly coupled to cell cycle progression from G0/G1 through S into G2 phase. However, a DNA synthesis stress caused by thymidine irreversibly disrupted virus life cycle, as VPs became increasingly retained in the cytoplasm hours post-stress, forming empty capsids in mouse fibroblasts, thereby impairing encapsidation of the nuclear viral DNA replicative intermediates. Synchronously infected cells subjected to density-arrest signals while traversing early S phase also blocked VPs transport, resulting in a similar misplaced cytoplasmic capsid assembly in mouse fibroblasts. In contrast, thymidine and density arrest signals deregulating virus assembly neither perturbed nuclear translocation of the NS1 protein nor viral genome replication occurring under S/G2 cycle arrest. An underlying mechanism of cell cycle control was identified in the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated VPs trimeric assembly intermediates, which accessed a non-conserved route distinct from the importin α2/β1 and transportin pathways. The exquisite cell cycle-dependence of parvovirus nuclear capsid assembly conforms a novel paradigm of time and functional coupling between cellular and virus life cycles. This junction may determine the characteristic parvovirus tropism for proliferative and cancer cells, and its disturbance could critically contribute to persistence in host tissues
The host of the Type I SLSN 2017egm: A young, sub-solar metallicity environment in a massive spiral galaxy
Here we present an integral-field study of the massive, high-metallicity
spiral NGC 3191, the host of SN 2017egm, the closest SLSN Type I to date. We
use data from PMAS/CAHA and the public MaNGA survey to shed light on the
properties of the SLSN site and the origin of star-formation in this
non-starburst spiral galaxy. We map the physical properties different
\ion{H}{II} regions throughout the galaxy and characterize their stellar
populations using the STARLIGHT fitting code. Kinematical information allows to
study a possible interaction with its neighbouring galaxy as the origin of
recent star formation activity which could have caused the SLSN. NGC 3191 shows
intense star-formation in the western part with three large SF regions of low
metallicity. The central regions of the host have a higher metallicity, lower
specific star-formation rate and lower ionization. Modeling the stellar
populations gives a different picture: The SLSN region has two dominant stellar
populations with different ages, the youngest one with an age of 2-10 Myr and
lower metallicity, likely the population from which the SN progenitor
originated. Emission line kinematics of NGC 3191 show indications of
interaction with its neighbour MCG+08-19-017 at 45 kpc, which might be
responsible for the recent starburst. In fact, this galaxy pair has in total
hosted 4 SNe, 1988B (Type Ia), SN 2003ds (Type Ic in MCG+08-19-017), PTF10bgl
(SLSN-Type II) and 2017egm, underlying the enhanced SF in both galaxies due to
interaction. Our study shows that one has to be careful interpreting global
host and even gas properties without looking at the stellar population history
of the region. SLSNe seem to still be consistent with massive stars ( 20
M) requiring low () metallicity and those environments
can also occur in massive, late-type galaxies but not necessarily starbursts.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 13 pages, 11 figures, 7 tables.
Abstract has been reduced to match arXiv form requirement
Another short-burst host galaxy with an optically obscured high star formation rate: The case of GRB 071227
We report on radio continuum observations of the host galaxy of the short
gamma-ray burst 071227 (z=0.381) with the Australia Telescope Compact Array
(ATCA). We detect the galaxy in the 5.5 GHz band with an integrated flux
density of Fnu = 43 +/- 11 microJy, corresponding to an unobscured
star-formation rate (SFR) of about 24 Msun/yr, forty times higher than what was
found from optical emission lines. Among the ~30 well-identified and studied
host galaxies of short bursts this is the third case where the host is found to
undergo an episode of intense star formation. This suggests that a fraction of
all short-burst progenitors hosted in star-forming galaxies could be physically
related to recent star formation activity, implying a relatively short merger
time scale.Comment: 6 pages, ApJ, accepted for publicatio
Probing Cosmic Dust of the Early Universe through High-Redshift Gamma-Ray Bursts
We explore the extinction properties of the dust in the distant universe
through the afterglows of high-redshifted GRBs based on the "Drude" model
which, unlike previous studies, does not require a prior assumption of template
extinction laws. We select GRB070802 at z~2.45 (which shows clear evidence for
the 2175\AA extinction bump) and GRB050904 at z~6.29, the 2nd most distant GRB
observed to date. We fit their afterglow spectra to determine the extinction of
their host galaxies. We find that (1) their extinction curves differ
substantially from that of the Milky Way, the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds
(which were widely adopted as template extinction laws in literature); (2) the
2175\AA extinction feature appears to be also present in GRB050904 at z~6.29;
and (3) there does not appear to show strong evidence for a dependence of dust
extinction on redshifts. The inferred extinction curves are closely reproduced
in terms of a mixture of amorphous silicate and graphite, both of which are
expected supernova condensates and have been identified in primitive meteorites
as presolar grains originating from supernovae (which are considered as the
main source of dust at high-z).Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journal Letter
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