Pupil Insights into School Bullying: A Cross-National Perspective between England and Japan

The research presented in this thesis focused on cross-national comparisons of secondary school pupils' understanding of and attitudes towards school bullying / ijime. In the first study, interviews with 121 12-15-year-old Japanese and English secondary school children were conducted to evaluate the depth and diversity of children's understanding of the nature of bullying / ijime. Attitudes towards bullying / ijime, and to school-based interventions were also examined. In the second study, a survey of 1,967 Japanese and English secondary school children was conducted to evaluate their understanding of different forms of bullying / ijime behaviour, and their friendship formations. The interviews revealed that compared to bullying in U.K, ijime in Japan was seen as more weighted towards verbal and indirect (rather than physical) aggression, that causes victims more often psychological suffering, and is more characteristic of within-grade relationships rather than an older pupil bullying a younger one. As useful coping strategies for the victim, while English pupils consider indirect actions such as 'seeking help from others' to be very useful, more direct actions such as 'fighting back' and 'telling bullies to stop it' are considered more useful by Japanese pupils. The majority of pupils in England had very positive views of school based intervention and teachers' and parents' involvement to tackle the problem, whereas considerable number of pupils in Japan had reluctant and negative attitudes to it. The survey revealed findings consistent with the first study regarding pupils' understanding of bullying / ijime behaviour. It also found that compared to English pupils, who form their friendships equally with pupils in different year groups as well as those in the same year group, Japanese pupils form friendships based, to a large extent, on the class they belong to. This difference of friendship formation seems partly to stem from the different education systems in England and Japan, which in tum, influence pupil's perceptions and understanding of the nature of bullying / ijime

An Analysis of Differences in the Role of Friendships and the School Class in Children’s Perceptions of Bullying in England and Ijime in Japan: A Translation and Expansion of Kanetsuna (2009)

This is an English translation with some expansion of the article originally published in Japanese as a university bulletin in 2009. Previous research has found both differences and similarities between ijime in Japan and bullying in England. Bullying is often by pupils in different classes or higher year groups whom the victim does not know very well; ijime is often by victims’ classmates whom the victim knows very well. However, it has not been shown whether these differences are found for all types of bullying, or how they relate to friendships generally and the impact of differing school systems. We aimed to see whether previously found differences between ijime and bullying could be replicated, and, if so, whether they held for six different types of victimization, and whether friendship characteristics were consistent with explaining why they occur. To investigate the role of friendships and their location, 1036 Japanese and 931 English secondary school pupils participated in a comparative study of perceptions of bullying and ijime. The previous differences were confirmed and found to hold irrespective of type of bullying. Japanese pupils mainly formed friendships on a class basis, English pupils on a broader basis including pupils in different years. In school, English pupils spent much time in the playground with their friends and saw this as a likely venue for bullying, whereas Japanese pupils spent more time in the classroom and saw this as a likely venue for ijime. The difference in friendship formation, together with differences in the organization of class-based teaching in the two countries, are hypothesized to play a significant role in explaining some differences between bullying and ijime

The Fungal Cell Wall : Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function

N.G. is funded by the Wellcome Trust via a senior investigator award and a strategic award and by the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology. C.M. acknowledges the support of the Wellcome Trust and the MRC. N.G. and C.M. are part of the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology. J.P.L. acknowledges support from ANR, Aviesan, and FRM.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

P. brasiliensis virulence is affected by SconC, the negative regulator of inorganic sulfur assimilation

Conidia/mycelium-to-yeast transition of Paracoccidioidesbrasiliensis is a critical step for the establishment of paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. Thus, knowledge of the factors that mediate this transition is of major importance for the design of intervention strategies. So far, the only known pre-requisites for the accomplishment of the morphological transition are the temperature shift to 37°C and the availability of organic sulfur compounds. In this study, we investigated the auxotrophic nature to organic sulfur of the yeast phase of Paracoccidioides, with special attention to P. brasiliensis species. For this, we addressed the role of SconCp, the negative regulator of the inorganic sulfur assimilation pathway, in the dimorphism and virulence of this pathogen. We show that down-regulation of SCONC allows initial steps of mycelium-to-yeast transition in the absence of organic sulfur compounds, contrarily to the wild-type fungus that cannot undergo mycelium-to-yeast transition under such conditions. However, SCONC down-regulated transformants were unable to sustain yeast growth using inorganic sulfur compounds only. Moreover, pulses with inorganic sulfur in SCONC down-regulated transformants triggered an increase of the inorganic sulfur metabolism, which culminated in a drastic reduction of the ATP and NADPH cellular levels and in higher oxidative stress. Importantly, the down-regulation of SCONC resulted in a decreased virulence of P. brasiliensis, as validated in an in vivo model of infection. Overall, our findings shed light on the inability of P. brasiliensis yeast to rely on inorganic sulfur compounds, correlating its metabolism with cellular energy and redox imbalances. Furthermore, the data herein presented reveal SconCp as a novel virulence determinant of P. brasiliensis.J.F.M. and J.G.R. were supported by a PhD grant from Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT). This work was supported by a grant from FCT (PTDC/BIA-MIC/108309/2008). M. Sturme. and M. Saraiva are Ciencia 2008 fellows. The authors would also like to thank FAPESP (Fundacao para Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico) for financial support. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Research on International Knowledge Sharing between Multinational Corporaitons at the Product Development Stage : Comparison with Domestic Knowledge Sharing

50298064 (科研費)南山大学製品開発段階での企業間の国際的な知識共有に関する研究：国内での知識共有との比較 2019〜2023年度科学研究費助成事業 (基盤研究 (C) (一般)) 研究成果報告書33917 (科研費)202319K01927 (科研費)research repor

Comparative Genomic Analysis of Human Fungal Pathogens Causing Paracoccidioidomycosis

Paracoccidioides is a fungal pathogen and the cause of paracoccidioidomycosis, a health-threatening human systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. Infection by Paracoccidioides, a dimorphic fungus in the order Onygenales, is coupled with a thermally regulated transition from a soil-dwelling filamentous form to a yeast-like pathogenic form. To better understand the genetic basis of growth and pathogenicity in Paracoccidioides, we sequenced the genomes of two strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb03 and Pb18) and one strain of Paracoccidioides lutzii (Pb01). These genomes range in size from 29.1 Mb to 32.9 Mb and encode 7,610 to 8,130 genes. To enable genetic studies, we mapped 94% of the P. brasiliensis Pb18 assembly onto five chromosomes. We characterized gene family content across Onygenales and related fungi, and within Paracoccidioides we found expansions of the fungal-specific kinase family FunK1. Additionally, the Onygenales have lost many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and fewer genes involved in protein metabolism, resulting in a higher ratio of proteases to carbohydrate active enzymes in the Onygenales than their relatives. To determine if gene content correlated with growth on different substrates, we screened the non-pathogenic onygenale Uncinocarpus reesii, which has orthologs for 91% of Paracoccidioides metabolic genes, for growth on 190 carbon sources. U. reesii showed growth on a limited range of carbohydrates, primarily basic plant sugars and cell wall components; this suggests that Onygenales, including dimorphic fungi, can degrade cellulosic plant material in the soil. In addition, U. reesii grew on gelatin and a wide range of dipeptides and amino acids, indicating a preference for proteinaceous growth substrates over carbohydrates, which may enable these fungi to also degrade animal biomass. These capabilities for degrading plant and animal substrates suggest a duality in lifestyle that could enable pathogenic species of Onygenales to transfer from soil to animal hosts.National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.)National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services (contract HHSN266200400001C)National Institutes of Health. Department of Health and Human Services(contract HHSN2722009000018C)Brazil. National Council for Scientific and Technological Developmen

ヌノ ノ セイリ エイセイガクテキ セイシツ ニ オヨボス ハッスイ ハツユ コウキン ボウシュウ カコウ ノ エイキョウ

application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Several Cases of Environmental Education Program in Bolivia

《短報》departmental bulletin pape

Structure and Moisture・Air Permeability of Various Nursing Sheets, and Experiments used Subjects

application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

イリョウヨウ ブタガワ オヨビ ジンコウ ヒカク ノ トウシツセイ オヨビ ツウキセイ

application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape