Physical Characteristics of Erythropoetin Encapsulated into Alginate Polymer Using Aerosolization Technique

The aim of this research was to evaluate physical characteristics of erythropoietin encapsulated into alginate polymer using a microparticle technology called aerosolization technique at different polymer concentrations. Erythropoetin is a model of neuroprotectant drugs. The sodium alginate concentrations used were 1%, 2%, and 3% with 1M cross-linker CaCl2. The physical characteristics in terms of morphology, particle size, swelling index, yield, and structural integrity of erythropoietin-Ca alginate microspheres were determined. Microsphere evaluation included FT-IR, DTA, moisture content, morphology using SEM, particle size distribution using optical microscopy, determination of swelling index, and yield. SDS PAGE electrophoresis was also conducted to evaluate the molecular weight of erythropoietin before and after the microencapsulation process. The resulting microspheres had spherical form, smooth surface, and the sizes below 5 µm. The determination of swelling index was performed using two methods, namely calculation of mass differentiation and size differentiation at 24 and 30 hours. Results of examination from swelling indices in F1, F2, F3 were 0.58, 1.25, 1.43 (at 24 hours) and 0.78, 1.78, 2.16 (at 30 hours), respectively, whereas resulted of swelling index of 0.50, 1.15, 1.32 (by size method at 24 hours), and 0.65, 1.80, 1.98 (at 30 hours). The result of yield microspheres of F1, F2, F3 were 75.55% ± 0,350; 77,84% ± 0,290; and 86,65% ± 0,191. Statistical result showed that an increase of alginate concentration causes an increse in particle size, swelling indeks, and yield. From SDS PAGE profile, it was confirmed that erythropoietin maintains its structural integrity evidenced by the similar molecular weight before and after encapsulation process. This study has demonstrated the potential of erythropoietin-alginate microspheres that may be effective as a neuroprotectant drug

Meta-Analisis Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Digital Dalam Peningkatan Hasil dan Minat Belajar Biologi Peserta Didik di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0: (Meta-analysis Effectiveness of the use of Digital Learning Media in Increasing The Results and Interest in Biology Learning Students in The Era of The Industrial Revolution 4.0)

The nervous system in humans is a learning material that contains some abstract material and cannot be observed directly by students. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of the use of digital learning media on nervous system learning materials and find out the types of learning media that can improve student learning outcomes and interests in the nervous system material. The method used is a meta-analysis by analyzing articles published in national journals related to digital-based learning media for nervous system material. Analysis of the data used is qualitative data analysis for data results of narrative studies of the research found. The sample used was 10 articles in national journals about biology learning media on nervous system material. The results of the meta-analysis of national journals note that learning on the material of the nervous system using digital-based learning media influences the interests and learning outcomes of students. Effective pursuit media to improve student learning outcomes and interest in the nervous system material is to use Augmented Reality (AR) media. Abstrak. istem saraf pada manusia merupakan materi pembelajaran yang mengandung beberapa materi abstrak dan tidak dapat diamati secara langsung oleh siswa. Tujuan dari penelitian ini melakukan analisis terhadap penggunaan media pembelajaran digital pada materi pembelajaran system saraf. Metode yang digunakan adalah meta-analisis dengan melakukan telaah terhadap artikel yang terbit di jurnal nasional yang terkait dengan media pembelajaran berbasis digital untuk materi sistem saraf. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis data kualitatif untuk data-data hasil kajian naratif terhadap penelitian-penelitian yang ditemukan. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 10 artikel pada jurnal nasional tentang media pembelajaran biologi pada materi sistem saraf. Hasil dari meta-analisis jurnal nasional diketahui bahwa pembelajaran pada materi sistem saraf dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran berbasis digital berpengaruh terhadap minat dan hasil belajar peserta didik. Keuntungan menggunakan media pembelajaran berbasis digital untuk mudah digunakan, praktis, efektif dan layak digunakan dalam pembelajaran biologi pada masa sekarang. Meta-analisis jurnal ini adalah dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran berbasis digital pada  materi sistem saraf dapat meningkatkan hasil dan minat belajar peserta didik.   Katakunci : Media pembelajaran, digital, metaanalisi

Transformasi Budaya Permainan Tradisional Ke Game Online Pada Remaja Di Desa Wonosari Kabupaten Jember: Transformation of Traditional Game Culture to Online Games for Adolescents in Wonosari Village, Jember Regency

The rapid development of technology has contributed to influencing various aspects of life, one of which is culture in society. The game is one aspect of culture that has also experienced a change from the previous traditional game to an online game. Online games have become widely used since the pandemic hit in 2020. This has led to the change in social interaction that was formerly patembayan, to become individualism. This study aims to reveal the transition of game culture change in adolescents. This research was carried out using a qualitative approach and the research method used was ethnography in Wonosari Village, Jember Regency, East Java Province. Data collection was carried out through interviews and observations with adolescents in Wonosari Village using purposive sampling as the target of this study. The results of the study show that in the transition process starting from the invitation of friends and small habits it is what makes addiction and results in cultural change. Then this cultural change also produces a domino effect with changes in social interaction in adolescents. ABSTRAK Perkembangan teknologi yang semakin pesat turut andil dalam memengaruhi berbagai aspek dalam kehidupan, salah satunya kebudayaan pada masyarakat. Permainan merupakan salah satu aspek dalam kebudayaan juga turut mengalami perubahan dari sebelumnya permainan tradisional menjadi Game Online. Game Online menjadi marak digunakan sejak pandemic melanda pada 2020 silam. Hal ini, membuat ikut berubahnya interaksi sosial yang sebelumnya patembayan, menjadi individualism. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap transisi perubahan kebudayaan permainan pada remaja. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode riset yang digunakan ialah etnografi di Desa Wonosari, Kabupaten Jember, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dan observasi dengan remaja di Desa Wonosari secara purposive sampling sebagai sasaran penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam proses transisinya dimulai dari ajakan teman dan kebiasaan kecil tersebutlah yang menjadikan kecanduan dan menghasilkan perubahan kebudayaan. Kemudian, perubahan kebudayaan ini juga turut menghasilkan efek domino dengan adanya perubahan interaksi sosial pada remaj

Knowledge of contraception among high school and university students in West Pomerania voivodeship

Adolescents and young adults are the most vulnerable group of unplanned pregnancy, which may result in early motherhood or often unsafe, illegal abortion. The teenager birth rate in Poland (total number of live births per 1000) is one of the highest in European Union and the West Pomerania voivodeship has the highest teenager birth rate in Poland. Low level of contraceptive use, choosing low efficacy methods and errors resulting from inadequate knowledge are considered the main reasons of unplanned pregnancies. In this study we aimed to assess the knowledge of high school and academic students of the West Pomeranian vivodeship about contraception. We recruited 500 students who were asked to fill in an anonymous questionnaire checking knowledge, beliefs and experiences regarding the use of contraception. 277 of the participants were using contraceptive methods. Our results showed that the knowledge about pregnancy prevention is insufficient and young people choose methods that are ineffective. The feeling of shame and the need to visit a doctor and undergo a gynecological examination to get a prescription are thought to be the main limitation in accessibility to contraceptive methods in the studied group. Since most of the respondents indicate the internet as the main source of their knowledge, it seems reasonable to create a professional website addressed to teenagers and young adults, introducing the subject of contraception

Controlo integrado da Lagarta das Pastagens Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth)

II Jornadas Agronómicas Açorianas, Outubro, 1991, Ponta Delgada, Açores.No Arquipélago dos Açores, desde 1970 e com maior incidência na ilha de S. Miguel, devido ao aumento da área de pastagem, com vista ao desenvolvimento da bovinocultura, uma das espécies de Noctuídeos, Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), assinalada na região desde 1810 por GODMAN, tornou-se num grave problema económico, estimando-se os seus prejuízos em cerça de 8% da produção anual das pastagens (TAVARES, 1989)

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Analisis Stabilitas Lereng Menggunakan Perkuatan Double Row Pile dengan Variasi Diameter dan Jarak Antar Pile pada Ruas Jalan Nasional, Desa Baturiti, Kecamatan Baturiti, Kabupaten Tabanan, Bali,

Akibat ketidakseimbangan gaya yang bekerja pada lereng ruas Jalan Nasional km 39+900, Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali, terjadi bencana longsor. Untuk menghindari terjadinya kembali kelongsoran pada lereng, diperlukan perkuatan, salah satunya dengan menggunakan pile sebanyak dua baris. Untuk mengetahui perkuatan yang optimum, diperlukan simulasi pemodelan akan pengaruh variasi diameter dan jarak pemasangan antar pile yang digunakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi diameter dan jarak antar pile baris kedua dalam sistem perkuatan pile dua baris. Diameter yang digunakan adalah 0,3 m; 0,4 m; 0,5 m dan jarak antar pile yang digunakan adalah S/D=3 (1,8 m); S/D=4 (2,4 m); S/D=5 (3 m); S/D=6 (3,6 m). Analisis dilakukan dengan bantuan program metode elemen hingga yaitu software PLAXIS 2D dan PLAXIS 3D untuk mengetahui angka keamanan lereng. Lereng dimodelkan sesuai dengan keadaan lapangan yang meliputi geometri lereng, lapisan tanah, dan parameter tanah. Pembebanan pada model lereng meliputi beban vertikal pada puncak lereng yang mewakili beban lalu lintas dan beban gempa. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, didapatkan bahwa tipe keruntuhan lereng tanpa perkuatan adalah toe failure (keruntuhan pada kaki lereng). Variasi yang diterapkan pada baris kedua pile berpengaruh pada nilai angka keamanan pada lereng. Semakin besar diameter pile yang digunakan maka semakin besar nilai angka keamanan yang didapatkan. Analisis variasi jarak antar pile pada baris kedua memiliki hasil yang berbeda berdasarkan software yang digunakan. Pada PLAXIS 2D angka keamanan lereng semakin besar dengan mengecilnya jarak antar pile, namun tidak pada PLAXIS 3D karena adanya pengaruh soil arching antara pile baris pertama dengan pile baris kedua yang tidak terdeteksi pada PLAXIS 2D. Sistem perkuatan lereng menggunakan dua baris tiang berhasil meningkatkan nilai angka keamanan lereng hingga 36.174% (PLAXIS 2D) dan 34,393% (PLAXIS 3D) dibandingkan dengan lereng tanpa perkuatan. Peningkatan terbesar didapatkan dengan menggunakan variasi diameter 0,6 m dan jarak antar tiang S/D = 3 (1,8 m)