Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Perkawinan Poligami tanpa Persetujuan Istri yang Sah (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 330k/pid/2012)

Criminal Responsibility is the continuation of reproach objective of the offenses and subjective to a person eligible to be sent to jail for his actions. Criminal Rensponsibility lead to comprehension basically bear the punishment of the perpetrators of criminal acts. Elements of criminal responsibility among others unlawful act, error, delibérate, responsable abilities. Arranged in polygamous marriage law No 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Goverment Regulation No 9 of 1975 on The implementation of the law of Marriage and Compilation of Islamic law for the adherents of the religión of Islam. Polygamous marriages that do not meet the requirements as specified by law No 1of 1974 concerning Marriage, Goverment Regulation No 9 of 1975 in The implementation of the law of Marriage and Compilation of Islamic, one of them without the consent of the lawful wife (Study of The Supreme Court Decisión No 330K./Pid/2012) a criminal offensed. Criminal sanctions stipilated in Article 45 letter a Goverment Regulation No 9 of 1975 on The Implementation of the law of Marriage which is the crime of administration and also subject to the providions of Article 279 paragraph 1 of The Criminal Code which is a crime against civil position. This study was conducted to determine the criminal responsibility of the polygamous marriage without the consent of the legitimate wife (Study of The Supreme Court Decision No 330K/Pid/2012). Type of research is the study of normative. This study uses data collection methods legal literature. Data analysis was done qualitatively, making it easier to analyze the problems which will be discussed later , interpret and draw conclusions. Based of the result obtained can be concluded consideration of the judge to criminal liability study of The Supreme Court Decision No 330K/Pid/2012 polygamous marriage without the consent of the legitimate wife. The judge believes the defendant meets the criminal elements set forth in the provisions of Article 279 paragraph 1 of The Criminal Code and the defendant has meet the elements of criminal responsibility is unlawful act, error, delibérate, responsable abilities

EQUIPT: protocol of a comparative effectiveness research study evaluating cross-context transferability of economic evidence on tobacco control

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Tobacco smoking claims 700 000 lives every year in Europe and the cost of tobacco smoking in the EU is estimated between €98 and €130 billion annually; direct medical care costs and indirect costs such as workday losses each represent half of this amount. Policymakers all across Europe are in need of bespoke information on the economic and wider returns of investing in evidence-based tobacco control, including smoking cessation agendas. EQUIPT is designed to test the transferability of one such economic evidence base-the English Tobacco Return on Investment (ROI) tool-to other EU member states

Further steps in the development of pharmacoeconomics, outcomes research, and health technology assessment in central and Eastern Europe, Western Asia, and Africa

[No abstract available]Scopu

Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challenges

Large Language Models (LLMs) have taken Knowledge Representation -- and the world -- by storm. This inflection point marks a shift from explicit knowledge representation to a renewed focus on the hybrid representation of both explicit knowledge and parametric knowledge. In this position paper, we will discuss some of the common debate points within the community on LLMs (parametric knowledge) and Knowledge Graphs (explicit knowledge) and speculate on opportunities and visions that the renewed focus brings, as well as related research topics and challenges.Comment: 30 page

Health technology assessment in Türkiye: Current status and perspectives on future implementation

Objective:: Türkiye's health care system reforms have led not only to increased access to health care but also to rising pharmaceutical expenditures. Therefore, health technology assessment (HTA) has become an important tool for evaluating priorities in reimbursement and budget allocation. Our study aimed to describe the current HTA environment in Türkiye and explore long-term perspectives from a broad spectrum of Turkish stakeholders on the development of HTA in the next ten years. Methods:: In 2019, we used a convenience sampling method to conduct an online survey with stakeholders from different areas in the health system. Additional face-to-face discussions were conducted to clarify answers when needed. We assessed the current evaluation process for pharmaceuticals and examined the need for HTA in Türkiye. Online survey data were extracted into Microsoft Excel for analysis. Quantitative data were summarised descriptively. Results:: A total of 27 Turkish stakeholders completed the survey; 21 were employed in the public sector, and 6, in the private sector. The majority of participants (18/27) suggested introducing HTA for all new health technologies considered for public reimbursement and instituting an additional review process for currently reimbursed technologies. Most respondents (25/27) agreed that a threshold for cost-effectiveness should be applied in the next ten years. Conclusion:: The stakeholders concurred that Türkiye must implement an HTA process soon. However, further discussion and interaction between stakeholders are essential to ensure a broad commitment to the implementation of a structured HTA process in Türkiye

How and where to find NPS users: a cross national survey among current users of new psychoactive substances.

Use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) across Europe remains a public health challenge. The study describes potentials and limitations of methods in a transnational survey of recent marginalized, nightlife and online community NPS users in Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Portugal (n=3023). In terms of demographic profile, drug use history and type of NPS, different methods reached different segments of the NPS-using population. Last year use of different NPS varied across countries and groups. Respondents used NPS in a variety of settings, with public spaces most common in marginalized group. The study suggests that prevalence rates can reveal a picture of the NPS market that significantly deviates from what law enforcement seizures indicate. Outreach in nightlife settings and peer education are recommended to inform users about health risks and to improve access to drug services and care

Quo Vadis HTA for medical devices in Central and Eastern Europe? Recommendations to address methodological challenges

Objectives: Methodological challenges in the evaluation of medical devices (MDs) may be different for early and late technology adopter countries, as well as the potential health technology assessment (HTA) solutions to tackle them. This study aims to provide guidance to Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries on how to address key challenges of HTA for MDs with special focus on the transferability of scientific evidence. Methods: As part of the COMED Horizon 2020 project, a comprehensive list of issues related to MD HTA were identified based on a targeted literature review. Health technology assessment issues which pose a greater challenge or require different solutions in late technology adopter countries were selected. Draught recommendations to address these issues were developed and discussed in a focus group. The recommendations were then validated with a wider group of experts, including HTA and reimbursement decision makers from CEE countries in May and June 2020. Results: A consolidated list of 11 recommendations were developed in 3 major areas: (1) clinical value assessment, focusing on the use of joint EU work, relying on real-world evidence, use of coverage with evidence development schemes, transferring evidence from foreign countries and addressing the challenges of learning curve and centre effect; (2) economic value assessment, covering cost calculation of complex medical devices and transferability of economic evaluations of MDs; (3) HTA processes, related to the frequent product modifications and various indications of MDs. Conclusions: Central and Eastern European countries with limited resources for conducting HTA, can benefit from HTA methods and evidence generated in early technology adopter countries. Considering the appropriate reuse of international HTA materials, late technology adopter countries can still implement HTA, even for MDs, which have a more limited evidence base compared with pharmaceuticals

Quantitative trait loci and candidate gene mapping of aluminum tolerance in diploid alfalfa

Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acid soils is a major limitation to the production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa L.) in the USA. Developing Al-tolerant alfalfa cultivars is one approach to overcome this constraint. Accessions of wild diploid alfalfa (M. sativa subsp. coerulea) have been found to be a source of useful genes for Al tolerance. Previously, two genomic regions associated with Al tolerance were identified in this diploid species using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers and single marker analysis. This study was conducted to identify additional Al-tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTLs); to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that flank the previously identified QTLs; to map candidate genes associated with Al tolerance from other plant species; and to test for co-localization with mapped QTLs. A genetic linkage map was constructed using EST-SSR markers in a population of 130 BC(1)F(1) plants derived from the cross between Al-sensitive and Al-tolerant genotypes. Three putative QTLs on linkage groups LG I, LG II and LG III, explaining 38, 16 and 27% of the phenotypic variation, respectively, were identified. Six candidate gene markers designed from Medicago truncatula ESTs that showed homology to known Al-tolerance genes identified in other plant species were placed on the QTL map. A marker designed from a candidate gene involved in malic acid release mapped near a marginally significant QTL (LOD 2.83) on LG I. The SSR markers flanking these QTLs will be useful for transferring them to cultivated alfalfa via marker-assisted selection and for pyramiding Al tolerance QTLs

Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the highly complex Pisum sativum genome using next generation sequencing

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The garden pea, <it>Pisum sativum</it>, is among the best-investigated legume plants and of significant agro-commercial relevance. <it>Pisum sativum </it>has a large and complex genome and accordingly few comprehensive genomic resources exist.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We analyzed the pea transcriptome at the highest possible amount of accuracy by current technology. We used next generation sequencing with the Roche/454 platform and evaluated and compared a variety of approaches, including diverse tissue libraries, normalization, alternative sequencing technologies, saturation estimation and diverse assembly strategies. We generated libraries from flowers, leaves, cotyledons, epi- and hypocotyl, and etiolated and light treated etiolated seedlings, comprising a total of 450 megabases. Libraries were assembled into 324,428 unigenes in a first pass assembly.</p> <p>A second pass assembly reduced the amount to 81,449 unigenes but caused a significant number of chimeras. Analyses of the assemblies identified the assembly step as a major possibility for improvement. By recording frequencies of Arabidopsis orthologs hit by randomly drawn reads and fitting parameters of the saturation curve we concluded that sequencing was exhaustive. For leaf libraries we found normalization allows partial recovery of expression strength aside the desired effect of increased coverage. Based on theoretical and biological considerations we concluded that the sequence reads in the database tagged the vast majority of transcripts in the aerial tissues. A pathway representation analysis showed the merits of sampling multiple aerial tissues to increase the number of tagged genes. All results have been made available as a fully annotated database in fasta format.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that the approach taken resulted in a high quality - dataset which serves well as a first comprehensive reference set for the model legume pea. We suggest future deep sequencing transcriptome projects of species lacking a genomics backbone will need to concentrate mainly on resolving the issues of redundancy and paralogy during transcriptome assembly.</p