65 research outputs found
Atypical development of attentional control associates with later adaptive functioning, autism and ADHD traits
Autism is frequently associated with difficulties with top-down attentional control, which impact on individuals' mental health and quality of life. The developmental processes involved in these attentional difficulties are not well understood. Using a data-driven approach, 2 samples (N = 294 and 412) of infants at elevated and typical likelihood of autism were grouped according to profiles of parent report of attention at 10, 15 and 25 months. In contrast to the normative profile of increases in attentional control scores between infancy and toddlerhood, a minority (7-9%) showed plateauing attentional control scores between 10 and 25 months. Consistent with pre-registered hypotheses, plateaued growth of attentional control was associated with elevated autism and ADHD traits, and lower adaptive functioning at age 3 years
Practicum for international students in teacher education programs: an investigation of three university sites through multisocialisation, interculturalisation and reflection
This chapter explores the practicum experience of international students undertaking education programs at three different universities in Australia. International students were interviewed about their practicum experiences with a particular focus on what worked well and what needed improvement. Through a thematic analysis as well as identifying aspects of the interview data related to multisocialisation, interculturalisation and reflection models the authors share findings even though international students may experience difficulties during their practicum they also note that these experiences allow them to learn. When mentor teachers were able to recognise the international studentsâ strengths then placements were successful. Further, unpacking areas that need improvement through a supportive manner enabled students to learn and reconstruct their practice. The rich and informative data on the challenges and successful approaches across the three sites in this study add to the body of literature regarding effective ways to improve work placements for international students
âI was a full time proper smokerâ: A qualitative exploration of smoking in the home after childbirth among women who relapse postpartum
Background:
Many women stop smoking during pregnancy but relapse shortly afterwards, potentially putting their infants at risk of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Women who were able to stop during pregnancy may be a motivated group, receptive to making behaviour changes postpartum to protect their infant from SHS exposure. Understanding more about their experiences of relapse, and if this influences home smoking behaviours and childrenâs exposure to SHS in the home may help to inform intervention development to prevent infant SHS exposure.
Methods:
Guided by interpretative phenomenological methodology we conducted and analysed nine semi-structured interviews with women who quit smoking during pregnancy, but relapsed â€3 months postpartum.
Findings:
Central to mothersâ accounts of their smoking behaviours during pregnancy and postpartum was their desire to be a âresponsible motherâ. Mothers described using strategies to protect their infant from SHS exposure, and held strong negative attitudes towards other smoking parents. After relapsing, mothers appeared to reposition themselves as âsocialâ or âoccasionalâ smokers rather than âregularâ smokers
Conclusions:
Findings suggest that interventions to prevent/reduce infants' home SHS exposure should build on mothers' intentions to be responsible parents. As mothers who relapse principally view themselves as âsocialâ or âoccasionalâ smokers, interventions that are highlighted as relevant for women with these types of smoking patterns may be more likely to be responded to, and, ultimately, be effective
Executive functions in preschool children with aggressive behavior: impairments in inhibitory control
The question whether executive function (EF)
deficits in children are associated with conduct problems
remains controversial. Although the origins of aggressive
behavior are to be found in early childhood, findings from
EF studies in preschool children with aggressive behavior
are inconsistent. The current study aimed to investigate
whether preschool children with aggressive behavior show
impairments in EF. From a population-based sample, 82
preschool children who were showing aggressive behavior
as indicated by scores at or above the 93rd percentile on the
Aggressive Behavior Scale of the CBCL 1 1/2-5 were
selected. These children with aggressive behavior were
matched on IQ to a group of typically developing control
children (N=99). Six neuropsychological tasks were administered
to assess set shifting, inhibition, working memory
and verbal fluency. A factor analysis was conducted which
yielded one clear factor: inhibition. Aggressive preschool children showed poorer performance on this inhibition
factor than control children and boys performed worse on
this factor than girls. This association between aggressive
behavior and inhibition deficits was maintained after controlling
for attention problems. In addition, gender differences
in all EFs measured were found with boys exhibiting
more impairment in EF than girls. These findings demonstrate
that preschool children with aggressive behavior show
impairments in inhibition, irrespective of attention problems
"I could cry, the amount of shoes I can't get into": A qualitative exploration of the factors that influence retail footwear selection in women with rheumatoid arthritis
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Studies have reported that women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are not wearing NHS supplied therapeutic footwear; therefore it is likely they are wearing footwear sourced through retailers. Previous research gives limited information (largely associated with cosmesis) on people's perceptions on the relationships that exist between retail footwear, well-being and quality of life. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of women with RA regarding their choice of retail footwear and identify the factors influencing retail footwear selection.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eleven women with RA wearing normal retail footwear were recruited from an out-patient podiatry clinic in the south east of England. Semi-structured interviews were carried out and an interpretative phenomenological approach was adopted for data collection and transcript analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Six key themes were revealed from the analysis: (1) the nature of foot complaints and deformities, (2) aesthetic appearance and design of footwear, (3) body image, (4) psychosocial aspects, (5) Perceptions of footwear and (6) the therapeutic value of retail shoes. These contributed to an overarching concept of loss of choice associated with retail footwear. In particular, the areas discussed most frequently throughout were themes (2), (3) and (4), which were notably more 'emotional' in nature.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Limitations in retail footwear for these women have impacted on their individuality, linking significantly with their body image. The loss of choice in footwear as a consequence of the disease impacts negatively on emotions, wellbeing and was identified in reduced self-perceived quality of life.</p
Diversidade de resultados no estudo do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade
Com este artigo pretende-se abordar a problemåtica da diversidade de dados na investigação do Transtorno
de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH). Apresenta-se uma revisão da literatura centrada na heterogeneidade de
conclusÔes relativas à caracterização do transtorno, à distinção dos subtipos, aos contextos de informação, às diferenças de
gĂȘnero e Ă comorbidade. Na tentativa de compreender a disparidade de conclusĂ”es, salientam-se potenciais fatores explicativos,
nomeadamente a heterogeneidade das amostras, a diversidade de metodologias e de procedimentos de investigação, entre
outros.With this paper we aimed at addressing the problem of data diversity in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) research. We present a literature review based on the heterogeneity of findings about the characterization
of the disorder, subtypes differentiation, sources of information, sex differences and comorbidities. In an effort to understand
the variety of findings, we underline potential explanations, such as the sampleâs heterogeneity or the multiplicity of methods
and procedures, among others.(undefined
Women's experiences of postnatal distress: a qualitative study
Women can experience a range of psychological problems after birth, including anxiety, depression and adjustment disorders. However, research has predominantly focused on depression. Qualitative work on women's experiences of postnatal mental health problems has sampled women within particular diagnostic categories so not looked at the range of potential psychological problems. The aims of this study were to explore how women experienced and made sense of the range of emotional distress states in the first postnatal year
The function of fear in institutional maintenance: Feeling frightened as an essential ingredient in haute cuisine
Fear is a common and powerful emotion that can regulate behaviour. Yet institutional scholars have paid limited attention to the function of fear in processes of institutional reproduction and stability. Drawing on an empirical study of elite chefs within the institution of haute cuisine, this article finds that the multifaceted emotion of fear characterised their experiences and served to sustain their institution. Chefsâ individual feelings of fear prompted conformity and a cognitive constriction, which narrowed their focus on to the precise reproduction of traditional practices whilst also limiting challenges to the norms underpinning the institution. Through fear work, chefs used threats and violence to connect individual experiences of fear to the violation of institutionalized rules, sustaining the conditions in which fear-driven maintenance work thrived. The study also suggests that fear is a normative element of haute cuisine in its own right, where the very experience and eliciting of fear preserved an essential institutional ingredient. In this way, emotions such as fear do not just accompany processes of institutionalization but can be intimately involved in the maintenance of institutions
Atypical Development of Attentional Control Associates with Later Adaptive Functioning, Autism and ADHD Traits
Funder: H2020 European Research Council; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663Funder: Research Foundation FlandersFunder: Universiteit Gent; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004385Funder: Marguerite-Marie DelacroixFunder: Autistica; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011706Funder: Riksbankens Jubileumsfond; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004472; Grant(s): NHS14-1802:1Funder: K.F. Hein FondsFunder: Scott Family Junior Research FellowshipAbstract: Autism is frequently associated with difficulties with top-down attentional control, which impact on individualsâ mental health and quality of life. The developmental processes involved in these attentional difficulties are not well understood. Using a data-driven approach, 2 samples (N = 294 and 412) of infants at elevated and typical likelihood of autism were grouped according to profiles of parent report of attention at 10, 15 and 25 months. In contrast to the normative profile of increases in attentional control scores between infancy and toddlerhood, a minority (7â9%) showed plateauing attentional control scores between 10 and 25 months. Consistent with pre-registered hypotheses, plateaued growth of attentional control was associated with elevated autism and ADHD traits, and lower adaptive functioning at age 3 years
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