6sterreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft / Synthetisch hergestellte Nanomaterialien in Konsumprodukten und deren Verbleib am Ende ihrer Nutzungsphase

Seit geraumer Zeit finden k\ufcnstlich hergestellte und oberfl\ue4chenmodifizierte Nanomaterialien in diversen Alltagsprodukten Anwendung. F\ufcr die gegenst\ue4ndliche Materialflussanalyse wurden 6 Nanokonsumprodukte ausgew\ue4hlt, die am \uf6sterreichischen Markt erh\ue4ltlich sind und vorwiegend metallische Nanomaterialien enthalten (d. h.: Nano-SiO2, -TiO2, -Ag oder CdSe-Quantenpunkte). Ein Produktbeispiel enthielt Kohlenstoffnanor\uf6hrchen (kurz CNTs). F\ufcr die Materialflussanalysen mussten die Nanomaterial-Inputmengen auf Produktebene abgesch\ue4tzt werden. Anhand von Produktinformationen sowie wissenschaftlichen Publikationen wurden erste Hochrechnungen des \uf6sterreichweiten Verbrauchs durchgef\ufchrt. Beim Produktbeispiel \u201eTV-Ger\ue4te mit Quantenpunkt-Displays\u201c war die Datengrundlage so d\ufcrftig, dass keine Mengenabsch\ue4tzung m\uf6glich war. Dieses Szenario ist aber Beispiel daf\ufcr, dass bei vielen Produktkategorien mangelnde bis keine Produktinformationen vorliegen und f\ufcr diese daher derzeit keine quantitative Absch\ue4tzung des Verbleibs von Nanomaterialien in Abfallstr\uf6men m\uf6glich ist. Die ersten Mengenabsch\ue4tzungen zeigen, dass Nano-TiO2 bereits im Tonnenma fstab in Sonnencremen eingesetzt wird (in 6sterreich ca. 5,4 bis 40,8 t/a). Nano-SiO2 in Autoversiegelungen, Nano-Ag in Wandfarben oder Putzlappen sowie CNTs in Tennisschl\ue4gern werden hingegen eher im unteren einstelligen Kilogrammma fstab eingesetzt. Anhand der Materialflussanalysen l\ue4sst sich absch\ue4tzen, dass sich metallische/metalloxidische Nanomaterialien mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit im Zuge der Abfallbehandlung in Sekund\ue4rabf\ue4llen, wie Verbrennungsr\ufcckst\ue4nden, anreichern, welche wiederum gr\uf6 ftenteils deponiert werden. Kohlenstoffbasierte Nanomaterialien wie CNTs werden mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit w\ue4hrend der Abfallverbrennung vollst\ue4ndig oxidiert. Ihre Elimination kann aber nur dann gew\ue4hrleistet werden, wenn w\ue4hrend der Verbrennung eine entsprechend lange Verweildauer bei hohen Temperaturen sichergestellt ist. Die Unsicherheiten bzw. gro fen Schwankungsbreiten der hochgerechneten Nanomaterialfl\ufcsse verdeutlichen, dass es noch gro fe Wissens- und Informationsl\ufccken gibt und vor allem entsprechender Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich des genauen Umweltverhaltens von Nanoprodukten \u2013 insbesondere \ufcber das Verhalten und potenzielle Freisetzungspfade in der Entsorgungsphase \u2013 besteht.For some time now, engineered and surface-modified nanomaterials have been used in various everyday products. For the material flow analyses presented in the following paper, six nano-based consumer products were selected that are available on the Austrian market and primarily contain metallic nanomaterials (nano-SiO2, -TiO2, -Ag or CdSe quantum dots); one sample product contained carbon nanotubes (CNTs). For the purpose of the material flow analyses, it was necessary to estimate the amounts of nanomaterial input at the product level. On the basis of available product information and academic publications, initial estimates of consumption in Austria were prepared. In the case of the sample product \u201ctelevisions with quantum dot displays,\u201d there was too little data available to do so. However, this scenario offers valuable proof of the fact that little to no product information is available for many product categories, making it impossible to quantitatively estimate the amount of nanomaterials in waste streams. The initial estimates show that tons of nano-TiO2 are already used in sun creams (ca. 5.4 to 40.8 t/year in Austria). In contrast, only several kilograms each of nano-SiO2 (in automotive paint sealants), nano-Ag (in indoor paints and washcloths), and CNTs (in tennis rackets) are used each year. Based on the material flow analyses it can be assumed that, in the course of waste treatment, metallic/metal oxide nanomaterials very likely enrich in secondary waste like combustion residues, which in turn predominantly end up in landfills. Carbon-based nanomaterials like CNTs are most likely completely oxidized in the course of incineration. However, their elimination can only be ensured if they are subjected to high temperatures for a sufficiently long time. The uncertainties/substantial variances in the projected nanomaterial flows clearly show that there are still considerable gaps in our knowledge and available information, and that research regarding the exact environmental fate of nano-products \u2013 especially into their behavior and potential emission pathways in the disposal phase \u2013 is urgently needed

Towards constraints on the SUSY seesaw from flavour-dependent leptogenesis

We systematically investigate constraints on the parameters of the supersymmetric type-I seesaw mechanism from the requirement of successful thermal leptogenesis in the presence of upper bounds on the reheat temperature $T_\mathrm{RH}$ of the early Universe. To this end, we solve the flavour-dependent Boltzmann equations in the MSSM, extended to include reheating. With conservative bounds on $T_\mathrm{RH}$, leading to mildly constrained scenarios for thermal leptogenesis, compatibility with observation can be obtained for extensive new regions of the parameter space, due to flavour-dependent effects. On the other hand, focusing on (normal) hierarchical light and heavy neutrinos, the hypothesis that there is no CP violation associated with the right-handed neutrino sector, and that leptogenesis exclusively arises from the CP-violating phases of the $U_\text{MNS}$ matrix, is only marginally consistent. Taking into account stricter bounds on $T_\mathrm{RH}$ further suggests that (additional) sources of CP violation must arise from the right-handed neutrino sector, further implying stronger constraints for the right-handed neutrino parameters.Comment: 42 pages, 12 figures; final version published in JCAP; numerical results for the efficiency factor can be downloaded from http://www.newphysics.eu/leptogenesis

‘Here to support anybody who needs to come’? An investigation of the provision for EAL pupils in secondary school libraries in England

This paper presents the findings of a mixed methods investigation of the effectiveness of provision for EAL pupils by secondary school libraries in England. Data from a quantitative survey of secondary school librarians are triangulated with those of qualitative interviews with staff responsible for EAL provision. A picture emerges of a hybrid environment which addresses a number of the educational, cultural and social needs of EAL learners, but in which a series of barriers to effective provision are also identified. Recommendations are made to key stakeholder groups for the short and long term improvement of EAL provision, and for further research

Conceptual Design and Structural Optimization of NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Hybrid Wing Body Aircraft

Simultaneously achieving the fuel consumption and noise reduction goals set forth by NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project requires innovative and unconventional aircraft concepts. In response, advanced hybrid wing body (HWB) aircraft concepts have been proposed and analyzed as a means of meeting these objectives. For the current study, several HWB concepts were analyzed using the Hybrid wing body Conceptual Design and structural optimization (HCDstruct) analysis code. HCDstruct is a medium-fidelity finite element based conceptual design and structural optimization tool developed to fill the critical analysis gap existing between lower order structural sizing approaches and detailed, often finite element based sizing methods for HWB aircraft concepts. Whereas prior versions of the tool used a half-model approach in building the representative finite element model, a full wing-tip-to-wing-tip modeling capability was recently added to HCDstruct, which alleviated the symmetry constraints at the model centerline in place of a free-flying model and allowed for more realistic center body, aft body, and wing loading and trim response. The latest version of HCDstruct was applied to two ERA reference cases, including the Boeing Open Rotor Engine Integration On an HWB (OREIO) concept and the Boeing ERA-0009H1 concept, and results agreed favorably with detailed Boeing design data and related Flight Optimization System (FLOPS) analyses. Following these benchmark cases, HCDstruct was used to size NASA's ERA HWB concepts and to perform a related scaling study

Standardisation of magnetic nanoparticles in liquid suspension

Suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles offer diverse opportunities for technology innovation, spanning a large number of industry sectors from imaging and actuation based applications in biomedicine and biotechnology, through large-scale environmental remediation uses such as water purification, to engineering-based applications such as position-controlled lubricants and soaps. Continuous advances in their manufacture have produced an ever-growing range of products, each with their own unique properties. At the same time, the characterisation of magnetic nanoparticles is often complex, and expert knowledge is needed to correctly interpret the measurement data. In many cases, the stringent requirements of the end-user technologies dictate that magnetic nanoparticle products should be clearly defined, well characterised, consistent and safe; or to put it another way—standardised. The aims of this document are to outline the concepts and terminology necessary for discussion of magnetic nanoparticles, to examine the current state-of-the-art in characterisation methods necessary for the most prominent applications of magnetic nanoparticle suspensions, to suggest a possible structure for the future development of standardisation within the field, and to identify areas and topics which deserve to be the focus of future work items. We discuss potential roadmaps for the future standardisation of this developing industry, and the likely challenges to be encountered along the way

Studies on β-enaminonitriles: Part III-Reaction of β-aminocrotononitrile with unsaturated acid chlorides : Benary revisited

1234-123

Studies in catalytic dehydrogenation: Part X-Syntheses of alkylsubstituted spirol[4,6]undecanes and dehydrogenation of 1-ethyl-8,9- benzospiro[4,6]undecane

768-77