Failures of US Foreign Aid: Jordan and its Unique History of Refugee Absorption

The United States began giving aid to Jordan as a geopolitical strategy in 1951 to assists with Jordan’s absorption of Palestinian refugees after the creation of Israel in 1948. Since 1951, the United States has given nearly $15.833 billion in support. Foreign aid to Jordan began, and has been perpetuated, in order to keep the country economically stable. Jordan’s total population is 55–57% refugees. Most of these refugees require financial, health, and housing assistance, and they suffer from untreated mental health conditions. US foreign aid policy needs to have programming to treat the mental health trauma that refugees experience. Research needs to be done on the connection between this trauma and social, political, and economic problems that affect Jordan in relation to refugees. Implementing programs to treat mental illness through aid will allow US foreign aid in Jordan to be more effective in assisting the socio-economic growth of refugees and entire country as a whole

Filsafat dan Estetika Menurut Arthur Schopenhauer

Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy, which specifically discusses beauty and taste, how they can be formed, and how they can be enjoyed. Beauty is not only about things that can be seen, but also about things that can be heard. Depending on the assessment objectively and subjectively. Music also has aesthetic value. It depends on what theory is used to judge the beauty of the music. This research uses descriptive-qualitative with a literature approach. In this case, it is not only about aesthetics, but also literature on music, and philosophers who discuss aesthetic philosophy

Distinct crustal structure of the North American Midcontinent Rift from P wave receiver functions

Eighty-two broadband seismic stations of the Superior Province Rifting Earthscope Experiment (SPREE) collected 2.5 years of continuous seismic data in the area of the high gravity anomaly associated with the Midcontinent Rift (MCR). Over 100 high-quality teleseismic earthquakes were used for crustal P wave receiver function analysis. Our analysis reveals that the base of the sedimentary layer is shallow outside the MCR, thickens near the flanks where gravity anomalies are low, and shallows again in the MCR's center where the gravity anomalies peak. This pattern is similar to that found from local geophysical studies and is consistent with reverse faulting having accompanied the cessation of rifting at 1.1 Ga. Intermittent intracrustal boundaries imaged by our analysis might represent the bottom of the MCR's mostly buried dense volcanic layers. Outside the MCR, the Moho is strong, sharp, and relatively flat, both beneath the Archean Superior Province and the Proterozoic terranes to its south. Inside the MCR, two weaker candidate Mohos are found at depths up to 25 km apart in the rift's center. The intermediate layer between these discontinuities tapers toward the edges of the MCR. The presence of this transitional layer is remarkably consistent along the strike of the MCR, including beneath its jog in southern Minnesota, near the Belle Plaine Fault. We interpret these results as evidence for extensive underplating as a defining characteristic of the rift, which remains continuous along the Minnesota jog, where due to its orientation, it is minimally affected by the reverse faulting that characterizes the NNE striking parts of the rift

Elevated CO2 degassing rates prevented the return of Snowball Earth during the Phanerozoic

The Cryogenian period (~720–635 Ma) is marked by extensive Snowball Earth glaciations. These have previously been linked to CO₂ draw-down, but the severe cold climates of the Cryogenian have never been replicated during the Phanerozoic despite similar, and sometimes more dramatic changes to carbon sinks. Here we quantify the total CO₂ input rate, both by measuring the global length of subduction zones in plate tectonic reconstructions, and by sea-level inversion. Our results indicate that degassing rates were anomalously low during the Late Neoproterozoic, roughly doubled by the Early Phanerozoic, and remained comparatively high until the Cenozoic. Our carbon cycle modelling identifies the Cryogenian as a unique period during which low surface temperature was more easily achieved, and shows that the shift towards greater CO₂ input rates after the Cryogenian helped prevent severe glaciation during the Phanerozoic. Such a shift appears essential for the development of complex animal life

A Determination Of True Polar Wander Since The Early-cretaceous.

PhDGeophysicsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/190931/2/7500728.pd