Resposta hematológica, respiratória e cardiocirculatória de eqüinos submetidos a três protocolos de indução anestésica

O presente trabalho investigou os efeitos hematológicos, respiratórios e cardiocirculatórios de eqüinos PSI submetidos a três diferentes protocolos de indução anestésica. Os grupos (G1, G2 e G3), constituídos de 10 animais cada, receberam: acepromazina 0,1 mg/kg, guaifenesina 113 mg/kg e tiopental sódico 2 g (G1); levomepromazina 0,2 mg/kg, midazolam 0,1 mg/kg e cloridrato de cetamina 2,0 mg/kg (G2); e cloridrato de detomidina 20 µg/kg e tiletamina-zolazepam 1,1 mg/kg (G3). As avaliações realizadas constaram de exame clínico, análise hematológica, hemogasometria arterial e avaliação eletrocardiográfica. As colheitas de dados foram procedidas antes da administração de qualquer fármaco e quinze minutos após a administração do último. Os resultados mostraram que os três protocolos utilizados são efetivos como indutores da anestesia geral em eqüinos. A avaliação da função respiratória não permite destaque positivo ou negativo para nenhum dos protocolos. As alterações cardiocirculatórias observadas foram de caráter temporário e sem significado clínico. As principais diferenças observadas foram a preparação laboriosa da combinação usada no G1, a necessidade mais freqüente de suplementação anestésica no G2 e a ocorrência de dificuldade de manejo do animal após a pré-anestesia no G3, em virtude das dificuldades de deambulação.This research studied the hematological, respiratory and cardiocirculatory effects in thoroughbred equine subjects after the administration of 3 different induction protocols for general anesthesia. The animals were distributed in 3 groups. The animals from group 1 (G1) received acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg), guaiphenesin (113 mg/kg) and thiopental (2 g). The animals from group 2 (G2) received levomepromazin (0.2 mg/kg), midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.0 mg/kg). The animals from group 3 (G3) received detomidine (20 µg/kg) and tiletamine-zolazepam (1.1 mg/kg). The evaluation included clinical examination, venous blood samples for hematological analysis, arterial blood samples for gasometric analysis and eletrocardiographic records. Clinical parameters were observed, samples were taken and the ECG was recorded before any drug administration and 15 minutes after the last medication. The 3 protocols showed to be adequate when used before general anesthesia. Respiratory parameters showed no differences among the 3 groups. The cardiocirculatory events were transient and without clinical significance. The differences among the groups were related to the preparation of solutions (G1), frequency in drug supplementation (G2) and handling the animals (G3)

Opções de mitigação de gases do efeito estufa na mudança do uso da terra, pecuária e agricultura no Brasil

National inventories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (implementation of the National Communications) are organized according to five main sectors, namely: Energy, Industrial Processes, Agriculture, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) and Waste. The objective of this study was to review and calculate the potential of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in Brazil for the Agricultural and LUCF. The first step consisted in an analysis of Brazilian official and unofficial documents related to climate change and mitigation policies. Secondly, business as usual (BAU) and mitigation scenarios were elaborated for the 2010-2020 timeframe, and calculations of the corresponding associated GHG emissions and removals were performed. Additionally, two complementary approaches were used to point out and quantify the main mitigation options: a) following the IPCC 1996 guidelines and b) based on EX-ACT. Brazilian authorities announced that the country will target a reduction in its GHG between 36.1 and 38.9% from projected 2020 levels. This is a positive stand that should also be adopted by other developing countries. To reach this government goal, agriculture and livestock sectors must contribute with an emission reduction of 133 to 166 Mt CO2-eq. This seems to be reachable when confronted to our mitigation option values, which are in between the range of 178.3 to 445 Mt CO2-eq. Government investments on agriculture are necessary to minimize the efforts from the sectors to reach their targets.Inventários nacionais acerca de emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) (refinamentos das Comunicações Nacionais) são organizadas de acordo com cinco principais setores, a saber: Energia, Processos Industriais, Agropecuária, Mudanças do Uso da Terra e Florestas e Tratamento de Resíduos. O objetivo dessa revisão foi calcular o potencial das estratégias de mitigação de GEE no Brasil para agropecuária e mudança de uso da terra e florestas. A primeira etapa consistiu na análise de documentos oficiais e não-oficiais do Brasil relacionados a mudanças climáticas e políticas de mitigação. O cenário atual, sem adoção de ações mitigadoras (BAU), e os cenários de mitigação foram elaborados para o período 2010-2020. Efetuaram-se os cálculos associados às emissões e remoções de GEE. Adicionalmente, duas estratégias foram utilizadas para destacar e quantificar as principais opções de mitigação: a) seguindo metodologia do IPCC 1996 e b) baseando-se no EX-ACT. Autoridades brasileiras anunciaram que o país buscará reduzir sua taxa de emissão de GEE em 36.1 a 38.9% em relação a 2020. Este é um posicionamento positivo que deve ser adotado por outros países em desenvolvimento. Para alcançar essa meta governamental, os setores agricultura e pecuária devem contribuir reduzindo a emissão em 133 a 166 Mt CO2-eq. Tal redução parece ser atingível quando confrontada com os valores do presente trabalho sobre opções de mitigação os quais estão entre 178,3 e 445 Mt CO2-eq. Investimentos governamentais nos setores agrícola, pecuária e silvicultura são necessários para minimizar os esforços para atingir as metas de redução de emissão pelos outros setores do país.CNPqFAPESPCAPES - COFECU

AVALIAÇÃO DE EVENTOS ANTECEDENTES E SUBSEQUENTES A COMPORTAMENTOS ADEQUADOS E INADEQUADOS NA INTERAÇÃO PROFESSOR-ALUNO

The student-teacher interaction is a determinant aspect of learning in a classroom. The objective of this study was to conduct a functional evaluation of student-teacher interactions, in the classroom, in a municipal school with high levels of violence. Six students, aged between 9 and 16 years, participated in the study. They were 6th and 8th grade middle school students and they were assigned to two groups: Disciplined and Undisciplined. Ten teachers also participated, 9 of which were women and one man. The interactions between participants were recorded on camera. Researchers analyzed the videos by categorizing behaviors from students as adequate or inadequate, and recording the antecedents and subsequent events of each behavior. Results indicated no differences in emission of appropriate behaviors between students from the Disciplined and the Undisciplined groups. Few situations were observed in which the teacher presented events subsequent to the students’ behavior. When there were subsequent events these were more frequent for the adequate behavior of the members of the Disciplined Group and inadequate for the behavior of the members of the Undisciplined Group. Possible relationships between antecedent events, subsequent events and appropriate and inappropriate behaviors are discussed. It is suggested that teachers need to be trained in order to be able to identify functional relationships and intervene in the behavior of their students, thus favoring the emission of appropriate behaviors. We also suggest to conducting other research that investigates working conditions and environmental events that determine or limit teachers’ ability to intervene in their students’ behavior.Keywords: evaluating analysis; student-teacher interaction; adequate behavior; inadequate behavior.A interação professor-aluno é um aspecto determinante para aprendizagem em sala de aula. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a avaliação funcional da interação professor-aluno em sala de aula, em uma escola municipal com alto índice de violência. Participaram deste estudo seis estudantes com idades entre 9 a 16 anos, do 6o ao 8o ano do ensino fundamental, que compuseram dois grupos: Disciplinados e Indisciplinados; além de 10 professores, sendo nove mulheres e um homem. As interações entre os participantes foram registradas em vídeo. Pesquisadores analisaram os vídeos categorizando os comportamentos dos alunos como adequados e inadequados, registrando eventos anteriores e subsequentes desses comportamentos a partir de categorias de respostas dos professores. Os resultados indicam que não houve diferença de emissão de comportamentos apropriados entre alunos do Grupo Disciplinados ou do Grupo Indisciplinados. Já os comportamentos inadequados são mais frequentes entre os alunos do Grupo Indisciplinados. Foram observadas poucas situações nas quais o professor apresentava eventos subsequentes aos comportamentos dos alunos. Quando havia eventos subsequentes esses eram mais comuns para o comportamento adequado dos membros do Grupo Disciplinado e inadequados para o comportamento dos membros do Grupo Indisciplinado. Discute-se possíveis relações entre os eventos antecedentes, eventos subsequentes e comportamentos adequados e inadequados. Sugere-se treinamento aos professores para identificar relações funcionais e intervirem no comportamento de seus alunos. Além de condução de outras pesquisas que investiguem as condições de trabalho e eventos ambientais que determinam ou limitam a capacidade dos professores de intervirem no comportamento de seus alunos.Palavras-chave: avaliação funcional; interação professor-aluno; comportamento adequado; comportamento inadequado

Práticas Educomunicativas

Esta publicação pretende divulgar as práticas educomunicativas realizadas em diferentes regiões do país e que estão sendo implantadas por nossos associados. O e-book Práticas Educomunicativas, que visa oferecer um material de uso prático que possa servir de apoio pedagógico em diferentes contextos, escolar ou de ações junto a instituições, apresenta 20 artigos de profissionais e pesquisadores que implementam ações que inter-relacionam comunicação e educação no contexto da educação apontando as experiências e processos de educomunicação e valorizando desta forma, o trabalho realizado por cada educomunicador oferecendo, ao leitor, um material de uso prático que possa servir de apoio pedagógico em diferentes contextos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Non-Keynesian Effects of Government Expenditure on Output in Bulgaria: An HP Filter Approach

A large body of recent studies has explored the presence of non-Keynesian fiscal policy effects in advanced European economies, while relevant empirical sources on post-communist economies are scarce. In the context of the constraints imposed by the SGP, it is crucial for EU New Member States and acceding countries to estimate the macroeconomic impact of discretionary fiscal intervention. This article focuses on the effects of government expenditure on short-term output in the Bulgarian economy a few years prior to EU accession. It finds that government investment affects real growth in a Keynesian fashion while transfers and public consumption exhibit non-Keynesian behaviour. The cyclically adjusted components of the general government budget, computed by HP filter, form the basis of the analysis. The results support the conclusions of relevant studies about advanced European economies.