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??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ??? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ????????? diethylnitrosamine (DEN)??? C3H/HeN ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????. DEN?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ??????, TUNEL positive ???????????? ??????, ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? duct??? ??????, ?????????????????? ????????????, Masson???s trichrome ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ?????????, ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???, solvent partition ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? hexane, ethyl acetate, water ???????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???, ethyl acetate ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ethyl acetate???????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????, ??????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ???????????????, ??????????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????????, ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????.clos

Multi-block Analysis of Genomic Data Using Generalized Canonical Correlation Analysis

Recently, there have been many studies in medicine related to genetic analysis. Many genetic studies have been performed to find genes associated with complex diseases. To find out how genes are related to disease, we need to understand not only the simple relationship of genotypes but also the way they are related to phenotype. Multi-block data, which is a summation form of variable sets, is used for enhancing the analysis of the relationships of different blocks. By identifying relationships through a multi-block data form, we can understand the association between the blocks in comprehending the correlation between them. Several statistical analysis methods have been developed to understand the relationship between multi-block data. In this paper, we will use generalized canonical correlation methodology to analyze multi-block data from the Korean Association Resource project, which has a combination of single nucleotide polymorphism blocks, phenotype blocks, and disease blocks

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Procyanidins fromWild Grape (Vitis amurensis) Seeds in Ethanol-Induced Cells and Rats

In the present study, we characterized the antioxidant and hepatoprotective mechanisms underlying of wild grape seed procyanidins (WGP) against oxidative stress damage in ethanol-treated HepG2 cell and Sprague-Dawley (SD)-rat models. In HepG2 cells, WGP not only diminished the ethanol (EtOH, 100 mM)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression, but also renovated both the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Additionally, to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of WGP, rats were orally administered 10 or 50 mg/kg WGP once daily for seven days prior to the single oral administration of EtOH (6 g/kg). The results show that WGP administration decreased the EtOH-induced augment of the levels of serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase as well as serum alcohol and acetaldehyde. WGP treatment upregulated the activities and protein levels of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and antioxidant enzymes but downregulated the protein expression level of liver CYP2E1 in EtOH-treated rats. Moreover, the decreased phosphorylation levels of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by ethanol were induced in both HepG2 cell and rat models. Overall, pretreatment of WGP displayed the protective activity against EtOH-mediated toxicity through the regulation of antioxidant enzymes and alcohol metabolism systems via MAPKs pathways

Lack of Toll-like Receptor 4 and 2 Polymorphisms in Korean Patients with Bacteremia

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that are important in innate immune responses to bacterial infection. The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of TLRs genetic variations in the bacteremic patients in Korea. A total of 154 patients with bacteremia and 179 healthy volunteers were included. The Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile allele of the TLR4 gene and Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp allele of the TLR2 gene were tested by PCR-RFLP. The DNA sequences were determined to confirm the PCR-RFLP results. Contrary to the expectation, no genetic polymorphisms were detected in both groups of this study, suggesting that it is very rare in Korean

Procyanidins from Wild Grape (Vitis amurensis) Seeds Regulate ARE-Mediated Enzyme Expression via Nrf2 Coupled with p38 and PI3K/Akt Pathway in HepG2 Cells

Procyanidins, polymers of flavan-3-ol units, have been reported to exhibit many beneficial health effects such as antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects. In this study, we investigated the cancer chemopreventive properties of procyanidins from wild grape (Vitis amurensis) seeds in particular their roles in inducing phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes as well as in modulating the upstream kinases. Ethanolic extract of V. amurensis seeds was fractionated with a series of organic solvents and finally separated into six fractions, F1–F6. Chemical properties of the procyanidins were analyzed by vanillin assay, BuOH-HCl test, and depolymerization with phloroglucinol followed by LC/MS analysis. The F5 had the highest procyanidin content among all the fractions and strongly induced the reporter activity of antioxidant response element as well as the protein expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) in HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells. The procyanidin-rich F5 also strongly induced the expression of the phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 and hemeoxygenase1. Phosphorylations of the upstream kinases such as MAPKs and PI3K/Akt were significantly increased by treatment with procyanidin fraction. In addition, the procyanidin-mediated Nrf2 expression was partly attenuated by PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and almost completely by p38 inhibitor SB202190, but neither by JNK inhibitor SP600125 nor by MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Taken together, the procyanidins from wild grape seeds could be used as a potential natural chemopreventive agent through Nrf2/ARE-mediated phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes induction via p38 and PI3K/Akt pathway

Membership Privacy for Fully Dynamic Group Signatures

Group signatures present a compromise between the traditional goals of digital signatures and the need for signer privacy, allowing for the creation of unforgeable signatures in the name of a group which reveal nothing about the actual signer's identity beyond their group membership. An important consideration that is absent in prevalent models is that group membership itself may be sensitive information, especially if group membership is dynamic, i.e. membership status may change over time. We address this issue by introducing formal notions of membership privacy for fully dynamic group signature schemes, which can be easily integrated into the most expressive models of group signature security to date. We then propose a generic construction for a fully dynamic group signature scheme with membership privacy that is based on signatures with flexible public key (SFPK) and signatures on equivalence classes (SPSEQ). Finally, we devise novel techniques for SFPK to construct a highly efficient standard model scheme (i.e. without random oracles) that provides shorter signatures than even the non-private state-of-the-art from standard assumptions. This shows that, although the strictly stronger security notions we introduce have been completely unexplored in the study of fully dynamic group signatures so far, they do not come at an additional cost in practice

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead