Effets des polyphénols de baies sur le déclin cognitif lié au vieillissement chez la souris

It is now well accepted that aging is linked to the onset of cognitive impairments. Among them, age-related memory alterations can be brought in evidence both in humans and animals. Several studies have highlighted the beneficial role of polyphenols on memory functions and particularly on age-related memory decline. Thus, the Neurophenols project aims at developing nutritional assets rich in polyphenols from grape and blueberry, and to objectify their beneficial role on the age-related cognitive decline in humans and pets. The aim of this thesis was to highlight beneficial effects of a polyphenol mix from grape and blueberry, the Neurophenol TM extract, on learning and memory performances in aged mice and to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these performances. More specifically, we have focused on the hippocampus, a key brain structure involved in learning and memory processes that is particularly altered during aging. This preclinical work will subsequently objectify the results in humans. Our main results show that hippocampal-dependent learning and memory alterations during aging are recovered by a polyphenol supplementation. We also show that these age-related memory deficits are linked to a decrease of gene expression of proteins involved in signaling pathways underlying memory processes and to a decrease of hippocampal neurogenesis. The polyphenol supplementation can restore the expression level of some genes and up-regulate neurotrophin expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, this supplementation has a beneficial impact on hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Finally, we show that a Neurophenol TM supplementation can reduce mortality in aged mice. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the mix Neurophenol TM on the maintenance of memory performances in mice during aging, through their action on synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. These promising results in aged mice provide positive arguments on the benefits of polyphenols on memory during aging. Thus, it was also developed a clinical study aiming at supplementing elderly subjects with the Neurophenol TM extract in order to evaluate their memory performances.Il est maintenant bien établi que le vieillissement est lié à l’apparition de troubles cognitifs. Ces altérations mnésiques liées à l’âge peuvent être mises en évidence à la fois chez l’Homme et l’animal. Plusieurs études ont pu mettre en évidence le rôle bénéfique des polyphénols sur les fonctions mnésiques et en particulier sur le déclin mnésique lié au vieillissement. Ainsi, le projet Neurophénols a pour objectif de mettre au point des actifs nutritionnels riches en polyphénols provenant de raisin et de bleuet, et d’objectiver leur rôle bénéfique sur le déclin cognitif lié à l’âge chez l’Homme et les animaux de compagnie. L’objectif de cette thèse était de mettre en évidence des effets bénéfiques d’un mélange de polyphénols de raisin et de bleuet, l’extrait Neurophenol®, sur les performances d’apprentissage et de mémoire chez la souris âgée et mieux comprendre les mécanismes neurobiologiques sous-tendant ces performances. Nous avons plus spécifiquement ciblé l’hippocampe, structure cérébrale clé impliquée dans les processus d’apprentissage et de mémoire, et particulièrement altérée au cours du vieillissement. Ces travaux précliniques permettront par la suite d’objectiver les résultats obtenus chez l’Homme. Nos principaux résultats montrent une altération des capacités d’apprentissage et de mémoire dépendant de l’hippocampe au cours du vieillissement qui sont récupérées par une supplémentation en polyphénols. Nous montrons également que ces troubles mnésiques liés à l’âge sont associés à une diminution d’expression de marqueurs moléculaires impliqués dans les voies de signalisation sous-tendant les processus mnésiques ainsi qu’à une diminution de la neurogenèse hippocampique. La supplémentation en polyphénols permet de rétablir les niveaux d’expression de certains gènes et également de sur-réguler l’expression de neurotrophines au niveau hippocampique. De plus, cette supplémentation a un effet bénéfique sur la neurogenèse hippocampique chez les souris âgées. Enfin, nous montrons qu’une supplémentation en Neurophenol® permet de réduire la mortalité des souris âgées. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l’efficacité du mélange Neurophenol® sur le maintien des performances mnésiques au cours du vieillissement chez la souris, via leur action sur la plasticité synaptique et la neurogenèse. Le développement d’une étude clinique visant à supplémenter des personnes âgées avec l’extrait Neurophenol® et à évaluer leurs performances mnésiques a également fait partie de ce travail de thèse et les résultats encourageant obtenus chez les souris âgées apportent des arguments favorables quant au bienfait des polyphénols sur la mémoire au cours du vieillissement

System-Level Modeling, Analysis and Code Generation: Object Recognition Case Study

International audienceOne of the most important challenges in complex embedded systems design is developing methods and tools for modeling and analyzing the behavior of application software running on multi-processor platforms. We propose a tool-supported flow for systematic and compositional construction of mixed software/hardware system models. These models are intended to represent, in an operational way, the set of timed executions of parallel application software statically mapped on a multi-processor platform. As such, system models will be used for performance analysis using simulation-based techniques as well as for code generation on specific platforms. The construction of the system model proceeds in two steps. In the first step, an abstract system model is obtained by composition and specific transformations of (1) the (untimed) model of the application software, (2) the model of the platform and (3) the mapping between them. In the second step, the abstract system model is refined into concrete system model, by including specific timing constraints for execution of the application software, according to chosen mapping on the platform. We illustrate the system model construction method and its use for performance analysis and code generation on an object recognition application provided by Hellenic Airspace Industry. This case study is build upon the HMAX models algorithm [RP99] and is looking at significant speedup factors. This paper reports results obtained on different system model configurations and used to determine the optimal implementation strategy in accordance to hardware resources

Polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry attenuates cognitive decline and improves neuronal function in aged mice

Ageing is characterised by memory deficits, associated with brain plasticity impairment. Polyphenols from berries, such as flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, and resveratrol, have been suggested to modulate synaptic plasticity and cognitive processes. In the present study we assessed the preventive effect of a polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB), with high concentrations of flavonoids, on age-related cognitive decline in mice. Adult and aged (6 weeks and 16 months) mice were fed a PEGB-enriched diet for 14 weeks. Learning and memory were assessed using the novel object recognition and Morris water maze tasks. Brain polyphenol content was evaluated with ultra-high-performance LC-MS/MS. Hippocampal neurotrophin expression was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Finally, the effect of PEGB on adult hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed by immunochemistry, counting the number of cells expressing doublecortin and the proportion of cells with dendritic prolongations. The combination of grape and blueberry polyphenols prevented age-induced learning and memory deficits. Moreover, it increased hippocampal nerve growth factor (Ngf) mRNA expression. Aged supplemented mice displayed a greater proportion of newly generated neurons with prolongations than control age-matched mice. Some of the polyphenols included in the extract were detected in the brain in the native form or as metabolites. Aged supplemented mice also displayed a better survival rate. These data suggest that PEGB may prevent age-induced cognitive decline. Possible mechanisms of action include a modulation of brain plasticity. Post-treatment detection of phenolic compounds in the brain suggests that polyphenols may act directly at the central level, while they can make an impact on mouse survival through a potential systemic effect

Pattern of polyphenol intake and the long-term risk of dementia in older persons

International audienc

Eicosanoid Release Is Increased by Membrane Destabilization and CFTR Inhibition in Calu-3 Cells

The antiinflammatory protein annexin-1 (ANXA1) and the adaptor S100A10 (p11), inhibit cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) by direct interaction. Since the latter is responsible for the cleavage of arachidonic acid at membrane phospholipids, all three proteins modulate eicosanoid production. We have previously shown the association of ANXA1 expression with that of CFTR, the multifactorial protein mutated in cystic fibrosis. This could in part account for the abnormal inflammatory status characteristic of this disease. We postulated that CFTR participates in the regulation of eicosanoid release by direct interaction with a complex containing ANXA1, p11 and cPLA2α. We first analyzed by plasmon surface resonance the in vitro binding of CFTR to the three proteins. A significant interaction between p11 and the NBD1 domain of CFTR was found. We observed in Calu-3 cells a rapid and partial redistribution of all four proteins in detergent resistant membranes (DRM) induced by TNF-α. This was concomitant with increased IL-8 synthesis and cPLA2α activation, ultimately resulting in eicosanoid (PGE2 and LTB4) overproduction. DRM destabilizing agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin induced further cPLA2α activation and eicosanoid release, but inhibited IL-8 synthesis. We tested in parallel the effect of short exposure of cells to CFTR inhibitors Inh172 and Gly-101. Both inhibitors induced a rapid increase in eicosanoid production. Longer exposure to Inh172 did not increase further eicosanoid release, but inhibited TNF-α-induced relocalization to DRM. These results show that (i) CFTR may form a complex with cPLA2α and ANXA1 via interaction with p11, (ii) CFTR inhibition and DRM disruption induce eicosanoid synthesis, and (iii) suggest that the putative cPLA2/ANXA1/p11/CFTR complex may participate in the modulation of the TNF-α-induced production of eicosanoids, pointing to the importance of membrane composition and CFTR function in the regulation of inflammation mediator synthesis

Dietary polyphenol supplementation prevents alterations of spatial navigation in middle-aged mice

Spatial learning and memory deficits associated with hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairments are commonly observed during aging. Besides, the beneficial role of dietary polyphenols has been suggested as potential functional food candidates to prevent this memory decline. Indeed, polyphenols could potentiate the signaling pathways of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. In this study, spatial learning deficits of middle-aged mice were first highlighted and characterized according to their navigation patterns in the Morris water maze task. An eight-week polyphenol-enriched diet, containing a polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB; from the Neurophenols Consortium) with high contents of flavonoids, stilbenes and phenolic acids, was then successful in reversing these age-induced effects. The use of spatial strategies was indeed delayed with aging whereas a polyphenol supplementation could promote the occurrence of spatial strategies. These behavioral results were associated with neurobiological changes: while the expression of hippocampal calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) mRNA levels was reduced in middle-aged animals, the polyphenol-enriched diet could rescue them. Besides, an increased expression of nerve growth neurotrophic factor (NGF) mRNA levels was also observed in supplemented adult and middle-aged mice. Thus these data suggest that supplementation with polyphenols could be an efficient nutritional way to prevent age-induced cognitive decline

Effects of polyphenols from berries on the age-related cognitive decline in mice

Il est maintenant bien établi que le vieillissement est lié à l’apparition de troubles cognitifs. Ces altérations mnésiques liées à l’âge peuvent être mises en évidence à la fois chez l’Homme et l’animal. Plusieurs études ont pu mettre en évidence le rôle bénéfique des polyphénols sur les fonctions mnésiques et en particulier sur le déclin mnésique lié au vieillissement. Ainsi, le projet Neurophénols a pour objectif de mettre au point des actifs nutritionnels riches en polyphénols provenant de raisin et de bleuet, et d’objectiver leur rôle bénéfique sur le déclin cognitif lié à l’âge chez l’Homme et les animaux de compagnie. L’objectif de cette thèse était de mettre en évidence des effets bénéfiques d’un mélange de polyphénols de raisin et de bleuet, l’extrait Neurophenol®, sur les performances d’apprentissage et de mémoire chez la souris âgée et mieux comprendre les mécanismes neurobiologiques sous-tendant ces performances. Nous avons plus spécifiquement ciblé l’hippocampe, structure cérébrale clé impliquée dans les processus d’apprentissage et de mémoire, et particulièrement altérée au cours du vieillissement. Ces travaux précliniques permettront par la suite d’objectiver les résultats obtenus chez l’Homme. Nos principaux résultats montrent une altération des capacités d’apprentissage et de mémoire dépendant de l’hippocampe au cours du vieillissement qui sont récupérées par une supplémentation en polyphénols. Nous montrons également que ces troubles mnésiques liés à l’âge sont associés à une diminution d’expression de marqueurs moléculaires impliqués dans les voies de signalisation sous-tendant les processus mnésiques ainsi qu’à une diminution de la neurogenèse hippocampique. La supplémentation en polyphénols permet de rétablir les niveaux d’expression de certains gènes et également de sur-réguler l’expression de neurotrophines au niveau hippocampique. De plus, cette supplémentation a un effet bénéfique sur la neurogenèse hippocampique chez les souris âgées. Enfin, nous montrons qu’une supplémentation en Neurophenol® permet de réduire la mortalité des souris âgées. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l’efficacité du mélange Neurophenol® sur le maintien des performances mnésiques au cours du vieillissement chez la souris, via leur action sur la plasticité synaptique et la neurogenèse. Le développement d’une étude clinique visant à supplémenter des personnes âgées avec l’extrait Neurophenol® et à évaluer leurs performances mnésiques a également fait partie de ce travail de thèse et les résultats encourageant obtenus chez les souris âgées apportent des arguments favorables quant au bienfait des polyphénols sur la mémoire au cours du vieillissement.It is now well accepted that aging is linked to the onset of cognitive impairments. Among them, age-related memory alterations can be brought in evidence both in humans and animals. Several studies have highlighted the beneficial role of polyphenols on memory functions and particularly on age-related memory decline. Thus, the Neurophenols project aims at developing nutritional assets rich in polyphenols from grape and blueberry, and to objectify their beneficial role on the age-related cognitive decline in humans and pets. The aim of this thesis was to highlight beneficial effects of a polyphenol mix from grape and blueberry, the Neurophenol TM extract, on learning and memory performances in aged mice and to better understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these performances. More specifically, we have focused on the hippocampus, a key brain structure involved in learning and memory processes that is particularly altered during aging. This preclinical work will subsequently objectify the results in humans. Our main results show that hippocampal-dependent learning and memory alterations during aging are recovered by a polyphenol supplementation. We also show that these age-related memory deficits are linked to a decrease of gene expression of proteins involved in signaling pathways underlying memory processes and to a decrease of hippocampal neurogenesis. The polyphenol supplementation can restore the expression level of some genes and up-regulate neurotrophin expression in the hippocampus. Moreover, this supplementation has a beneficial impact on hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. Finally, we show that a Neurophenol TM supplementation can reduce mortality in aged mice. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the mix Neurophenol TM on the maintenance of memory performances in mice during aging, through their action on synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. These promising results in aged mice provide positive arguments on the benefits of polyphenols on memory during aging. Thus, it was also developed a clinical study aiming at supplementing elderly subjects with the Neurophenol TM extract in order to evaluate their memory performances

Polyphénols extraits de petits fruits et déclin cognitif lié à l’âge : résultats de l’étude Neurophenols

Il est maintenant bien établi que le vieillissement est lié à l’apparition de troubles cognitifs. Ces altérations mnésiques liées à l’âge peuvent être mises en évidence à la fois chez l’Homme et l’animal. Plusieurs études ont évoqué le rôle bénéfique des polyphénols sur les fonctions mnésiques et en particulier sur le déclin cognitif lié à l’âge. Le projet Neurophenols a permis de mettre au point un mélange de polyphénols extraits de raisins et de bleuets (PEGB) et d’objectiver son rôle bénéfique sur le déclin cognitif lié à l’âge au niveau préclinique et clinique. Au niveau préclinique, chez la souris, la consommation de PEGB par voie alimentaire permet de normaliser les performances d’apprentissage et de mémoire dépendant de l’hippocampe, altérées au cours du vieillissement. Cet effet bénéfique est aussi mis en évidence sur l’expression de marqueurs moléculaires impliqués dans la plasticité synaptique et la neurogenèse hippocampique, processus qui sous-tendent les processus mnésiques. Ces résultats précliniques prometteurs ont été prolongés par une étude d’intervention nutritionnelle chez l’homme pour l’évaluation des effets de PEGB sur la mémoire de sujets âgés

A mixed grape and blueberry extract is safe for dogs to consume

Background: Grape and blueberry extracts are known to protect against age-related cognitive decline. However, beneficial effects achieved by mixing grape and blueberry extracts have yet to be evaluated in dogs, or their bioavailability assessed. Of concern to us were cases of acute renal failure in dogs, after their ingestion of grapes or raisins. The European Pet Food Industry Federation (2013) considers only the grape or raisin itself to be potentially dangerous; grape-seed extracts per-se, are not considered to be a threat. Our aim was therefore to evaluate the renal and hepatic safety, and measure plasma derivatives of a polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB; from the Neurophenols Consortium) in dogs. Polyphenol expression was analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS over 8 hours, for dogs given PEGB at 4 mg/kg. Safety was evaluated using four groups of 6 dogs. These groups received capsules containing no PEGB (control), or PEGB at 4, 20, or 40 mg/kg BW/d, for 24 weeks. Blood and urine samples were taken the week prior to study commencement, then at the end of the 24-wk study period. Routine markers of renal and liver damage, including creatinine (Creat), blood urea nitrogen, albumin, minerals, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine transaminase (ALT) were measured. Biomarkers for early renal damage were also evaluated in plasma (cystatin C (CysC), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)), and urine (CysC, clusterin (Clu), and NGAL). Ratios of urinary biomarkers to Creat were calculated, and compared with acceptable maximal values obtained for healthy dogs, as reported in the literature. Results: While several PEGB-specific polyphenols and metabolites were detected in dog plasma, at the end of the PEGB consumption period, our biomarker analyses presented no evidence of either renal or liver damage (Creat, BUN, ionogram, albumin and ALT, ALP). Similarly, no indication of early renal damage could be detected. Plasma CysC, urinary CysC/Creat, Clu/Creat, and NGAL/Creat ratios were all beneath reported benchmarked maximums, with no evidence of PEGB toxicity. Conclusions: Long-term consumption of a pet specific blend of a polyphenol-rich extract from grape and blueberry (PEGB; from the Neurophenols Consortium), was not associated with renal or hepatic injury, and can therefore be considered safe