Equivalence Theorems in Numerical Analysis : Integration, Differentiation and Interpolation

We show that if a numerical method is posed as a sequence of operators acting on data and depending on a parameter, typically a measure of the size of discretization, then consistency, convergence and stability can be related by a Lax-Richtmyer type equivalence theorem -- a consistent method is convergent if and only if it is stable. We define consistency as convergence on a dense subspace and stability as discrete well-posedness. In some applications convergence is harder to prove than consistency or stability since convergence requires knowledge of the solution. An equivalence theorem can be useful in such settings. We give concrete instances of equivalence theorems for polynomial interpolation, numerical differentiation, numerical integration using quadrature rules and Monte Carlo integration.Comment: 18 page

Sistema Contable basado en NIIF para PYMES en el Hotel Ideal del municipio de Matagalpa durante el l Semestre del año 2015.

Este trabajo aborda la temática del sistema contable basado en la NIIF para PYMES del departamento de Matagalpa, durante el I semestre del año 2015 en el Hotel Ideal. Siendo el propósito principal de este trabajo investigativo analizar el sistema contable del Hotel Ideal como unidad económica. Es importante este tema de las NIIF para PYME ya que con él se determina que la utilización de éstas, establecerá una diferencia positiva al registro y desarrollo de las operaciones propias de la empresa, dado que ésta constituyen una herramienta de guía y seguimiento a las operaciones contables y financieras de la empresa posibilitando metas futuras. Al identificar la utilización del sistema contable en este ente económico se determina que es débil sin observar los conceptos que rigen los PCGA, realizándolos de forma empírica, muchas de las partes del sistema, realizando un informe financiero mensual detallado en donde se plasma todas y cada una de las operaciones, las que son registrado en una tabla de Excel y consolidándolos después en otra que sirve para determinar su pérdida y ganancia. Con la aplicación de algunas secciones de las NIIF para PYMES se mejoraría la aplicación del Sistema contable, el buen registro de las operaciones contables y las operaciones financieras de las actividades propias de la empresa como marco de referencia

Actualización de las matrices de aspectos e impactos ambientales y de aspectos legales del Colegio Salesiano San Juan Bosco Dosquebradas

El Colegio Salesiano San Juan Bosco Dosquebradas es una institución educativa de carácter mixto y privado que cuenta con un área total de 6,69 Ha y está ubicada en el municipio de Dosquebradas- Risaralda; para el desarrollo de sus funciones se basan en las enseñanzas de Don Bosco y en el sistema preventivo con el que se busca “Formar buenos cristianos y honestos ciudadanos”. El colegio cuenta con sistema de gestión integrada de calidad y ambiental desde el año 2015, han tenido un importante avance en materia ambiental al contar con Plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Peligrosos, programas ambientales, diagnóstico ambiental, matriz de evaluación de cumplimiento de aspecto legales, evaluación de aspectos e impactos ambientales, formatos de seguimiento a la generación de Respel y al consumo de agua y energía, entre otros. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el presente trabajo se encuentra basado en la actualización de la documentación ambiental de la institución y la formulación de lineamientos estratégicos que sirvan de eje direccionador para la mejora continua del sistema de gestión, así como para atender los impactos ambientales identificados durante el proceso de evaluación. El trabajo se encuentra basado en la metodología de investigación mixta ante la necesidad de evaluar y considerar variables de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo; sin embargo, para la formulación de los lineamientos se hizo uso de la Planeación Estratégica y algunas de sus herramientas como el análisis DOFA. Como resultado se obtuvo la actualización del diagnóstico ambiental, del plan de gestión integral de residuos peligrosos, de las matrices de aspectos legales y la de evaluación de impactos ambientales y de los programas ambientales para el año 2018; finalmente se formularon cuatro lineamientos estratégicos enfocados en la capacitación de los alumnos de bachillerato en temas de aprovechamiento de residuos domésticos, en la consecución de recursos para temas ambientales, el fortalecimiento de los programas ambientales y la certificación institucional bajo los parámetros de la NTC ISO 14001:2015

The Obama Education Plan: an Education Week Guide

A guide to the educational priorities and change to expect from the Obama administrationAlthough the Obama's goals for education have been articulated in his speeches and on his website, what's missing is a picture of what these proposals mean in practice. This guide provides the articles, stories, and commentary to clarify Obama's priorities for education. The plan itself is comprehensive and covers preschool, K-12, and college-level education. Among its recommendations: expand early education, improve teacher quality, support school innovation, make math and science national priorities, address the dropout crisis, and improve college access and affordability.Compiled by Education Week-education's newspaper of recordOffers information and opinion on Obama's key educational prioritiesProvides a listing of the President's recommendations for education from pre-school to college levelIncludes advice for the President from key education leader

Role of virus genes in seed and aphid transmission and development of a virus-induced gene silencing system to study seed development in soybean

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Tobacco streak virus (TSV) are two important seed transmitted virus that infect soybean. SMV is a member of the family Potyviridae genus Potyvirus, and is transmitted by seed and aphids in soybean. The symptoms of SMV infection on soybean typically include mosaic and curling of leaves, reduced pod set and seed coat mottling. Although, the virus genes responsible for transmission by aphids have been studied extensively there has not been much research in understanding virus genes responsible for seed transmission. In this study I investigated the role of SMV genes in seed and aphid transmission, by designing recombinants between SMV isolates, SMV 413 (highly seed and aphid transmitted) and SMV G2 (lacking seed or aphid transmission). The SMV genes encoding the proteins P1, helper component protease (HC-Pro), and coat protein (CP) were the major determinants of seed transmission. The single amino acid mutation of G12 to D in the DAG motif of the CP and the amino acid Q264 to P in the C-terminus of the CP affected seed transmission of SMV. The aphid transmission study validated previous research and demonstrated that the amino acid motif DAG in the CP region and HC-Pro were important in aphid transmission. The severity of foliar symptoms was influenced by HC-Pro and seed coat mottling was determined by a single amino acid Q264 in the C-terminus of the CP. The seed transmitted virus TSV (genus Ilarvirus and family Bromoviridae) was utilized for construction of a DNA-based virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for investigating genes expressed in the soybean seed. VIGS are reverse genetics tools comprised of virus vectors with a partial plant transcript insertion that can silence expression of the plant gene. TSV has a tripartite genome, and causes early symptoms such as leaf puckering and necrosis that are often followed by symptom recovery possibly induced by virus RNA silencing. Multicloning sites were inserted into all the three RNAs of TSV to facilitate the insertion of plant gene fragments for the development of a VIGS vector. TSV RNA2-based VIGS vector was the most stable and the integrity of plant gene inserts up to the size of 175 nucleotides were maintained in the vector. The small RNA (21-24 nucleotide size) deep sequencing of TSV-infected soybean plants with symptom recovery revealed that virus derived small interfering (vsi)RNA originated from hot spots within the TSV genome as indicated by the number of mapped sequences. The vsiRNA hot spots were not correlated to the presence of RNA secondary structure in the TSV genome and exhibited a bias for the sense strand. Most hot spots were located in the TSV RNA3 especially in the movement protein coding region. To further understand the effects of virus infection on micro (mi)RNA accumulation and function in plants showing symptom recovery, small RNAs and mRNAs were sequenced from three soybean cultivars either mock-inoculated or infected with TSV or Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). BPMV (genus Comovirus and family Comoviridae) also causes severe symptoms initially followed by symptom recovery in soybean as observed in TSV. The soybean miRNA, gma-miRNA159a, that targets transcripts of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) and a MYB family transcription factor, and gma-miR166 that targets a HD-Zip transcription factor were down-regulated in virus-infected soybean exhibiting symptom recovery as indicated by the number of mapped sequences to the reported gma-miRNA transcript sequence. The GST, MYB factor and HD-Zip factor proteins may all be involved in programmed cell death that is associated with plant disease resistance. The mRNA-Seq analysis revealed that the accumulation of mRNAs encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, components of the salicylic acid mediated defense response and plant RNA virus infection associated proteins were up-regulated in virus-infected plants with symptom recovery. The transcripts for GST and lactoylglutathione lyase protein, involved in detoxification, were down-regulated. Changes in the accumulation of transcripts from other defense- and photosynthesis- related genes were cultivar dependent, as determined from the number of sequences that mapped to soybean transcripts