Protection of minors in the European digital audiovisual context: a necessary dialogue between parents, academy, regulators and industry

This paper represents the initial phase of a larger project being developed by the “Media, communication policy and democracy in the European Union” research group, which is currently working on the study “Communication policies, SVOD platforms and values education for minors in the single digital market (2020-2022)”. We wish to pursue in this study that, beyond technological considerations, it is necessary to expand the scope of child protection by establishing mutual collaboration between regulators, distributors and video on demand services, as well as consumers and parents’ organisations, in an effort to further enhance cooperation and mutual understanding (European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services, 2017b, p. 75). It is for this reason that we believe that the academic sphere can also be invited into this wide-ranging discussion on child protection to contribute reflections on a key aspect: audiovisual and media education, an essential pillar of protection in addition to filters, external limits, and electronic labelling. We thus uphold a vision that not only considers the “digital stuff” but also highlights the need for “ethos stuff” (Goggin, 2008, p.89). In this respect, we have considered it essential a literature review on the concept of media literacy. Secondly, our qualitative methodology involves an analysis of the instructions issued by the European Union and their implementation in Spain. In this stage, we have conducted desk research based on a narrative analysis of the documents and programs of different institutions in order to chart the evolution of the question in recent years, at a time when the digital environment has changed more quickly than ever before. This same type of analysis is also conducted on the initiatives of European and Spanish companies to determine whether they are implementing child protection strategies.Este artigo representa a fase inicial de um projeto mais vasto conduzido pelo grupo de investigação “Media, política de comunicação e democracia na União Europeia” que está atualmente a desenvolver o estudo “Políticas de comunicação, plataformas SVOD e educação de valores para menores no mercado único digital (2020-2022)”. Neste estudo, pretendemos explorar a ideia de que, além das considerações tecnológicas, é necessário alargar o âmbito da proteção infantil, estabelecendo colaboração mútua entre entidades reguladoras, distribuidores e serviços de vídeo on demand, bem como organizações de consumidores e de pais, num esforço para melhorar ainda mais a cooperação e o entendimento mútuo (Grupo Europeu de Reguladores dos Serviços de Comunicação Audiovisuais, 2017b, p. 75). Tendo por base este objetivo, consideramos que a esfera académica também pode ser convidada para este abrangente debate sobre proteção infantil, a fim de contribuir para um aspeto fundamental: a educação audiovisual e mediática como um pilar essencial de proteção, além de filtros, limites externos e rotulagem eletrónica. Assim, defendemos uma visão que considera não apenas os aspetos digitais (digital stuff), mas também destaca a necessidade de aspetos éticos (ethos stuff) (Goggin, 2008, p.89). A esse respeito, é essencial uma revisão da literatura sobre o conceito de literacia mediática. A metodologia qualitativa envolve uma análise das indicações da União Europeia e a sua implementação em Espanha. Nesta fase, realizámos pesquisas de dados secundários com base numa análise narrativa dos documentos e programas de diferentes instituições, a fim de mapear a evolução da questão nos últimos anos, num momento em que o ambiente digital mudou muito rapidamente. Este tipo de análise também é conduzido nas iniciativas de empresas europeias e espanholas, no sentido de determinar se estão a implementar estratégias de proteção à criança

Deformation of Public Media Service in Autonomic Televisions. Business Management and Survival in RTVA

Tras más de 25 años de existencia de la Radio Televisión Pública de Andalucía (RTVA), analizamos los problemas que posee el ente andaluz en un contexto de crisis económica, con una gestión empresarial que ha hecho peligrar su estabilidad e, incluso, su supervivencia. Para diagnosticar su situación, agravada en los tres últimos años, estudiaremos la politización del Consejo de Administración; el cierre de Canal Sur 2 y su impacto sobre la diversidad de contenidos; así como la polémica entre producción propia y externa. El aumento del déficit, la reducción de la publicidad y de los presupuestos, se ha producido en un contexto político favorable para cuestionar el papel de las televisiones autonómicas. La modificación de la Ley General Audiovisual en 2012, que abría la puerta a la privatización de estas cadenas, y la aprobación del Contrato-Programa de la RTVA ese mismo año, han propiciado medidas de ajuste que analizaremos en este artículo.This paper analyzes the problems of Radio Televisión Pública of Andalucía (RTVA), after 25 years from its beginning, in a context of economic crisis and a business management that put in peril its survival. We try to shed light on the politicisation of the board of directors; the closure of Canal Sur 2 (the second channel) and its influence in contents diversity; and the conflict between its own and external production. The increase in deficit, and advertising and budgets reduction have been coexisted in a political context that call into question the role of the autonomic public televisions. This study also take in account the economic adjudments that are related to the approval of the Contract Program and the modification of the General Audiovisual Law, both in 2012

Mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of two-phase olive-mill waste and cattle manure: Optimization of semi-continuous process

Anaerobic co-digestion of organic wastes is an effective technology for the management of two or more substrates with different characteristics. In this context, the main objective of this work was the optimization of biogas production for the treatment of a mixture of two-phase olive-mill waste (2POMW) and cattle manure (CM) (60:40 w/w) at mesophilic temperature range (35 degrees C). The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the performance and stability of the digestion process was studied. A decreasing series of HRTs in the range of 40-12 days was analyzed. The corresponding organic loading rates (OLR) were in the range 2.01-6.07 gVS/L(R)middotd. Pseudo steady-state operation of the reactor was established for HRTs between 40 and 15 days. For 15-days HRT, the maximum values of methane productivity (0.94 LCH4/L(R)middotd) and specific methane yield (0.52 LCH4/gVS(removed)) were obtained while total acidity (measured as acetic acid) in the effluent were < 150 mg/L, verifying process stability. In addition, the removal efficiencies of volatile solids (VS) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were 38 and 67 %, respectively. At 12-days HRT, decreases in methane production and organic matter removal efficiencies were observed, with values of 27 and 47 % for VS and DOC removal, respectively. Therefore, 12-days HRT was considered as inadequate for the anaerobic co-digestion of 2POMW and CM because a clear increase in volatile fatty acids was observed at the end of this period, leading to process destabilization and a decrease in biogas production

Proteção dos menores no contexto digital europeu: um diálogo necessário entre pais, academia, reguladores e indústria

Este artigo representa a fase inicial de um projeto mais vasto conduzido pelo grupo de investigação “Media, política de comunicação e democracia na União Europeia” que está atualmente a desenvolver o estudo “Políticas de comunicação, plataformas SVOD e educação de valores para menores no mercado único digital (2020-2022)”. Neste estudo, pretendemos explorar a ideia de que, além das considerações tecnológicas, é necessário alargar o âmbito da proteção infantil, estabelecendo colaboração mútua entre entidades reguladoras, distribuidores e serviços de vídeo on demand, bem como organizações de consumidores e de pais, num esforço para melhorar ainda mais a cooperação e o entendimento mútuo (Grupo Europeu de Reguladores dos Serviços de Comunicação Audiovisuais, 2017b, p. 75). Tendo por base este objetivo, consideramos que a esfera académica também pode ser convidada para este abrangente debate sobre proteção infantil, a fim de contribuir para um aspeto fundamental: a educação audiovisual e mediática como um pilar essencial de proteção, além de filtros, limites externos e rotulagem eletrónica. Assim, defendemos uma visão que considera não apenas os aspetos digitais (digital stuff), mas também destaca a necessidade de aspetos éticos (ethos stuff) (Goggin, 2008, p.89). A esse respeito, é essencial uma revisão da literatura sobre o conceito de literacia mediática. A metodologia qualitativa envolve uma análise das indicações da União Europeia e a sua implementação em Espanha. Nesta fase, realizámos pesquisas de dados secundários com base numa análise narrativa dos documentos e programas de diferentes instituições, a fim de mapear a evolução da questão nos últimos anos, num momento em que o ambiente digital mudou muito rapidamente. Este tipo de análise também é conduzido nas iniciativas de empresas europeias e espanholas, no sentido de determinar se estão a implementar estratégias de proteção à criança.This paper represents the initial phase of a larger project being developed by the “Media, communication policy and democracy in the European Union” research group, which is currently working on the study “Communication policies, SVOD platforms and values education for minors in the single digital market (2020-2022)”. We wish to pursue in this study that, beyond technological considerations, it is necessary to expand the scope of child protection by establishing mutual collaboration between regulators, distributors and video on demand services, as well as consumers and parents’ organisations, in an effort to further enhance cooperation and mutual understanding (European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services, 2017b, p. 75). It is for this reason that we believe that the academic sphere can also be invited into this wide-ranging discussion on child protection to contribute reflections on a key aspect: audiovisual and media education, an essential pillar of protection in addition to filters, external limits, and electronic labelling. We thus uphold a vision that not only considers the “digital stuff” but also highlights the need for “ethos stuff” (Goggin, 2008, p.89). In this respect, we have considered it essential a literature review on the concept of media literacy. Secondly, our qualitative methodology involves an analysis of the instructions issued by the European Union and their implementation in Spain. In this stage, we have conducted desk research based on a narrative analysis of the documents and programs of different institutions in order to chart the evolution of the question in recent years, at a time when the digital environment has changed more quickly than ever before. This same type of analysis is also conducted on the initiatives of European and Spanish companies to determine whether they are implementing child protection strategies

Endogenous topoisomerase II-mediated DNA breaks drive thymic cancer predisposition linked to ATM deficiency

The ATM kinase is a master regulator of the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks (DSBs) and a well-established tumour suppressor whose loss is the cause of the neurodegenerative and cancer-prone syndrome Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T). A-T patients and Atm−/− mouse models are particularly predisposed to develop lymphoid cancers derived from deficient repair of RAG-induced DSBs during V(D)J recombination. Here, we unexpectedly find that specifically disturbing the repair of DSBs produced by DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) by genetically removing the highly specialised repair enzyme TDP2 increases the incidence of thymic tumours in Atm−/− mice. Furthermore, we find that TOP2 strongly colocalizes with RAG, both genome-wide and at V(D)J recombination sites, resulting in an increased endogenous chromosomal fragility of these regions. Thus, our findings demonstrate a strong causal relationship between endogenous TOP2-induced DSBs and cancer development, confirming these lesions as major drivers of ATM-deficient lymphoid malignancies, and potentially other conditions and cancer types.Junta de Andalucía SAF2010-21017, SAF2013-47343-P, SAF2014-55532-R, SAF2017-89619-R, CVI-7948European Research Council ERC-CoG-2014-64735

Kitane et Koudia Talâa. Interventions archéologiques préventives des sites préromains du Nord du Maroc

Trabajo presentado al III Seminario Hispano-Marroquí «Arqueología y Turismo en el Círculo del Estrecho. Estrategias para la Puesta en Valor de los recursos patrimoniales del Norte de Marruecos», celebrado entre el 14 y el 16 de abril de 2011 en Algeciras.[FR]: Il s’agit dans ce travail de présenter les résultats des interventions archéologiques préventives réalisées dans deux sites préromains, Kitane et Koudia Talâa/Río Negro I. Le premier, situé dans la vallée de l’oued Martil et dans la zone périurbaine de Tétouan présente une séquence stratigraphique de plus de six mètres, caractérisée par plusieurs phases urbaines datées entre l’époque maurétanienne et le bas moyen-âge. A Koudia Talâa, situé dans la vallée de l’oued Negro, a été identifié un oppidum daté de la fin du IIIème ou du début du IIème siècle avant J.-C., avec des indices d’occupations antérieures et postérieures à cette date. Ces deux sites importants contribueront d’une manière substantielle à comprendre l’occupation maurétanienne du Nord du Maroc.[ES]: Se presentan en este trabajo los resultados de sendas actuaciones arqueológicas preventivas realizadas en los yacimientos prerromanos de Kitane y de Río Negro I/Koudia Talâa. El primero de ellos, en el valle del río Martil, y en la zona periurbana de Tetuán, presenta una secuencia estratigráfica de más de seis metros, con varias fases urbanas fechadas entre época púnica y el mundo bajo-medieval. En Koudia Talâa se ha identificado un oppidum fechado a finales del siglo III o inicios del siglo II a.C., si bien existen indicios de ocupaciones precedentes y posteriores. La importancia de ambos yacimientos es clave para la comprensión de la ocupación prerromana del Norte de Marruecos.Peer Reviewe

Identificación de cartas dinagráficas de fondo mediante el uso de redes neuronales como herramienta de ayuda en el bombeo mecánico

Successful identification of downhole problems is essential in mechanical pumping to achieve optimum production and to minimize operating and maintenance costs. It is necessary to develop and apply methodologies that allow fast identification of problems which affect production. The mechanical condition and performance of the downhole equipment (rod string, pump, valves, etc.) and physical properties of well like pump submergence, gas interference, pump leaks, etc, may be evaluated using dynamometer charts. In this work a fault analysis and operation conditions methodology for pumping system is presented; this includes the development of analysis software based on neural networks to identify system problems using downhole dynamometer charts. The developed system allowed to identify a set of the most common problems with a high precision and is a tool that could assist engineers and operations personnel in day to day oilfield works in rod pumping. Additionally, a basic functionality was developed to identify nearest charts according to statistical and geometric features, which can be used as the starting point to develop a smart system to predict potential faults in the future.La acertada identificación de problemas de fondo es esencial en el bombeo mecánico para lograr una producción óptima y reducir los costos de operación y mantenimiento. Es necesario desarrollar y aplicar metodologías que permitan identificar de forma rápida problemas que puedan afectar la operación. La condición mecánica y desempeño del equipo de fondo (sarta de varillas, bomba, válvulas, etc.) y las propiedades físicas del pozo, como sumergencia de la bomba, interferencia de gas y fugas en las bombas, pueden ser evaluadas utilizando cartas dinagráficas. En este trabajo se presenta una metodología de análisis de fallas y condiciones de operación del sistema de bombeo, que incluye el desarrollo de un software de análisis basado enredes neuronales para identificar problemas en el sistema usando dinagramas de fondo. El sistema desarrollado permitió identificar un conjunto de los problemas más comunes con una alta precisión y es una herramienta que podría asistir a ingenieros y personal de operaciones en los trabajos diarios en sistemas de bombeo mecánico. Adicionalmente, fue desarrollada una funcionalidad básica para identificar las cartas más cercanas de acuerdo a características estadísticas y geométricas, la cual puede ser usada como punto de partida para desarrollar un sistema inteligente para predecir potenciales fallas a futuro

De Cabo Negro al río Lián. Yacimientos litorales en el Norte de Marruecos a la luz de la Carta Arqueológica (2009-2010)

Trabajo presentado al III Seminario Hispano-Marroquí «Arqueología y Turismo en el Círculo del Estrecho. Estrategias para la Puesta en Valor de los recursos patrimoniales del Norte de Marruecos», celebrado entre el 14 y el 16 de abril de 2011 en Algeciras.[ES]: Presentamos los resultados preliminares de las campañas de prospección llevadas a cabo entre Cabo Negro y el Río Lián (Norte de Marruecos) durante los años 2009 y 2010. Dicha prospección se enmarca en el Proyecto Carta Arqueológica del Norte de Marruecos que desde el año 2008 la Universidad de Cádiz, la Universidad Abdelmalek Essaadi y el Institut National des Sciences de l’Archeologie et du Patrimoine vienen desarrollando. [FR]: Nous présentons ici les résultats préliminaires des campagnes de prospection réalisées entre le Cap Noir et le fleuve Lián (nord du Maroc) durant les années 2009 et 2010. La dite prospection encadre dans le Projet la Carte Archéologique du Nord du Maroc que dès le 2008 l’Université de Cadix, l’Université Abdelmalek Esaadi et l’Institut National des Sciences de l’Archeologie et du Patrimoine développent[FR]: Il s’agit dans ce travail de présenter les résultats préliminaires des campagnes de prospections archéologiques réalisées en 2009 et 2010 dans la zone située entre Ras el Aswad (Cabo Negro) et oued Lian (Nord du Maroc). Ce bilan s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet « Carte Archéologique du Nord du Maroc: Région Tanger-Tétouan » entamé depuis 2008 par une équipe maroco-espagnol dont les institutions de parrainage sont : l’Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, l’Institut National des Sciences d’Archéologie et du Patrimoine et l’Université de Cádiz.Peer Reviewe