Histological and functional renal alterations caused by Bothrops alternatus snake venom : expression and activity of Na+/K+-ATPase

Acute renal failure is a serious complication of human envenoming by Bothrops snakes. The ion pump Na+/K+-ATPase has an important role in renal tubule function, where it modulates sodium reabsorption and homeostasis of the extracellular compartment. Here, we investigated the morphological and functional renal alterations and changes in Na+/K+-ATPase expression and activity in rats injected with Bothrops alternatus snake venom. Male Wistar rats were injected with venom (0.8 mg/kg, i.v.) and renal function was assessed 6, 24, 48 and 72 h and 7 days post-venom. The rats were then killed and renal Na+/K+-ATPase activity was assayed based on phosphate release from ATP; gene and protein expressions were assessed by real time PCR and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. Venom caused lobulation of the capillary tufts, dilation of Bowman's capsular space, F-actin disruption in Bowman's capsule and renal tubule brush border, and deposition of collagen around glomeruli and proximal tubules that persisted seven days after envenoming. Enhanced sodium and potassium excretion, reduced proximal sodium reabsorption, and proteinuria were observed 6 h post-venom, followed by a transient decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Gene and protein expressions of the Na+/K+-ATPase α1 subunit were increased 6 h post-venom, whereas Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased 6 h and 24 h post-venom. Bothrops alternatus venom caused marked morphological and functional renal alterations with enhanced Na+/K+-ATPase expression and activity in the early phase of renal damage18109895906CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPNão temNão te

Valor Nutritivo de Silagens de Híbridos de Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) sob Doses Crescentes de Adubação Nutritive Value of Five Sorghum Hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Silages under Increasing Fertilization Levels

Avaliou-se o valor nutritivo das silagens de cinco híbridos de sorgo (AG2002, AG2005E, AGX202, AGX213 e AGX215), cultivados sob doses crescentes de adubação (tratamento sem adubação, 0,5; 1,0; e 2,0 vezes a recomendação de adubação, consistindo de 0; 45,5; 91; e 182 kg/ha de N; 0; 49; 98; e 196 kg/ha de P2O5 ; e 0; 14; 28; e 56 kg/ha de K2O, além de 0; 42; 84; e 168 kg/ha de S, respectivamente, advindos da utilização de sulfato de amônio em cobertura), adotando-se o esquema fatorial 5x4 no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O plantio foi realizado no dia 06.11.1997, e as parcelas foram colhidas com os grãos no estádio farináceo. De cada parcela útil retirou-se uma amostra para enchimento dos silos experimentais, que, após 60 dias, foram abertos e amostrados novamente para se proceder à pré-secagem e às determinações do valor nutritivo (PB, fração fibrosa e DIVMS). Os dados foram interpretados por análise de variância e regressão, desdobrando-se a interação híbrido x adubo independentemente da sua significância. Os fatores qualitativos foram comparados, utilizando-se o teste de Tukey. Os modelos foram escolhidos, baseando-se na significância dos coeficientes de regressão, utilizando o teste de "t", Student, a 10% de probabilidade, e no coeficiente de determinação. O valor nutritivo das silagens diferiu entre os híbridos, observando-se maior valor nutritivo para a silagem do AG2005E, enquanto as silagens do AG2002 e do AGX213 apresentaram maior produção de nutrientes por unidade de área. O valor nutritivo das silagens foi afetado pelas doses de recomendação de adubação, embora de forma inconsistente<br>The nutritive value of five sorghum hybrids (AG-2002, AG-2005E, AG-X202, AG-X213 and AG-X215) silages, cultivated under increasing fertilization levels (control, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 times of the recommended fertilization, corresponding to 0, 45.5, 91, and 182 kg/ha N; 0, 49, 98, and 196 kg/ha de P2O5; and 0, 14, 28, and 56 kg/ha de K2O, besides of 0, 42, 84, and 168 kg/ha S, respectively, that came from the used ammonia sulfate). A complete randomized block design in a factorial 5x4 arrangement (five hybrids and four fertilization levels) with four replicates was used. The seeding time was at 11.06.1997 and plots were harvested at the soft dough stage of grain. From each plot, a sample was collected to fill up the experimental silos, which were opened after 60 days and sampled again to determine the pre drying weight and the nutritive value (CP, fiber fractions and IVDMD). Data were interpreted by means of analysis of variance and regression. The hybrid x fertilizer interaction was unrolled independently of its significance. The qualitative factor means were compared by Tukey test. The models were chosen based on regression coefficients significance, using Student "t" test, at 10% level, and on the determination coefficient. The silages nutritive value differed among the hybrids. AG2005E showed the highest nutritive value, whereas AG2002 and AGX213 showed the highest nutrient yield per unit of area. The fertilizers affected the silages nutritive value, but, inconsistentl

Enraizamento de estacas, crescimento e respostas anatômicas de mudas clonais de cacaueiro ao ácido indol-3-butírico Stem cutting rooting, growth and anatomical responses of cacao tree clonal changes to the indole-3-butyric acid

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no crescimento e na morfologia interna de quatro clones de Theobroma cacao (CCN-10, CP-53, PS-1319 e CA-1.4). O AIB foi aplicado na base da estaca de caule, em talco inerte, nas concentrações de 2; 4; 6 e 8 g kg-1, juntamente com o controle (sem AIB). A avaliação do crescimento de raízes, caule e folhas dos quatro clones foi realizada aos 160 dias após o estaqueamento (DAE) para todas as concentrações de AIB, período também em que se realizou a coleta de material para os estudos anatômicos dos diversos órgãos, mas somente para a concentração de 4g kg-1 AIB e o controle. O clone CA-1.4 apresentou incremento na biomassa seca de raiz (BSR) com o aumento das concentrações de AIB, ao passo que, nos demais clones, houve diminuições de BSR a partir dos 4 g kg-1 AIB. O mesmo fato foi observado para a biomassa seca de caule (BSC) e de folha (BSF), exceto para a BSC do CCN-10 que não respondeu ao incremento das concentrações de AIB. Houve aumento de área foliar total para os clones CP-53 e PS-1319 com o incremento de AIB até 4 g kg-1, enquanto o aumento do número de folhas ocorreu somente para os clones CA-1.4 e CP-53 até as concentrações 8 e 4 g kg-1 AIB, respectivamente. Houve diminuição do número de estacas mortas para os clones CA-1.4 e CCN-10 até 8 g kg-1 de AIB e para o CP-53 até 4 g kg-1 de AIB. As melhores concentrações de AIB para o enraizamento de estacas de ramos dos clones de cacaueiros CP-53, PS-1319 e CCN-10 foram de 4, 4 e 6 g kg-1 AIB, respectivamente, enquanto para o clone CA-1.4 foi de 8 g kg-1 AIB; o aumento da concentração de AIB promoveu mudanças anatômicas nos órgãos vegetativos de todos os clones, influenciando na atividade do câmbio vascular e induzindo a formação de um maior número de raízes adventícias nas estacas.<br>The effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on growth and internal morphology of four clones of Theobroma cacao (CCN-10, CP-53, PS-1319 and CA-1.4) were evaluated. The IBA was applied in the base of stem cuttings, as an inert talc, in mixture concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8 g kg-1 together with the control, without IBA. The evaluation of the growth of roots, stem and leaves of the four clones were accomplished by 160 days after the cutting (DAC) for all the IBA concentrations. However, the anatomical studies of the several plant organs were also made to the 160 DAC, but only for the concentration of 4g kg-1 IBA and the control. The clone CA-1.4 presented increment in the root dry biomass (RDB) with the increase of the IBA concentrations, while for the other clones there were decreases of RDB starting from the 4 g kg-1 IBA. The same fact was observed for the stem and leaf dry biomass, except for CCN-10 that did not answer to the increment of the concentrations of IBA. There was an increase of the total leaf area for the clones CP-53 e PS-1319 with the increment of the IBA (concentration up to 4 g kg-1), while the leaves number only increased for the clones CA-1.4 and CP-53, concentrations up to 8 and 4 g kg-1 IBA, respectively. There was a decrease in the number of dead cuttings for the clones CA-1.4 and CCN-10 (up 8 g kg-1) of IBA and for the CP-53 (up to 4 g kg-1 of IBA). The best IBA concentrations for the branch cutting rooting of the cacao clones CP-53, PS-1319 and CCN-10 were of 4, 4 and 6 g kg-1 respectively, while for the clone CA-1.4 was the one of 8 g kg-1; the increase of the IBA concentration promoted anatomical changes in the plant organs of all the clones, influencing the activity of the vascular cambium in the stem and inducing the formation of a larger number of adventitious roots in the stem cuttings