Direct Application of the Phase Estimation Algorithm to Find the Eigenvalues of the Hamiltonians

The eigenvalue of a Hamiltonian, $\mathcal{H}$, can be estimated through the phase estimation algorithm given the matrix exponential of the Hamiltonian, $exp(-i\mathcal{H})$. The difficulty of this exponentiation impedes the applications of the phase estimation algorithm particularly when $\mathcal{H}$ is composed of non-commuting terms. In this paper, we present a method to use the Hamiltonian matrix directly in the phase estimation algorithm by using an ancilla based framework: In this framework, we also show how to find the power of the Hamiltonian matrix-which is necessary in the phase estimation algorithm-through the successive applications. This may eliminate the necessity of matrix exponential for the phase estimation algorithm and therefore provide an efficient way to estimate the eigenvalues of particular Hamiltonians. The classical and quantum algorithmic complexities of the framework are analyzed for the Hamiltonians which can be written as a sum of simple unitary matrices and shown that a Hamiltonian of order $2^n$ written as a sum of $L$ number of simple terms can be used in the phase estimation algorithm with $(n+1+logL)$ number of qubits and $O(2^anL)$ number of quantum operations, where $a$ is the number of iterations in the phase estimation. In addition, we use the Hamiltonian of the hydrogen molecule as an example system and present the simulation results for finding its ground state energy.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Frontiers in Precision Medicine II: Cancer, Big Data and the Public

Precision medicine is being developed within a complex landscape of public policy, science, economics, law, and regulation. In these and other policy areas, the goal of developing individually-tailored therapies poses novel challenges for health care research, delivery and policy. In this symposium, a range of experts in genetics, medicine, bioinformatics, intellectual property, health economics and bioethics identified and discussed many of the pressing questions raised by the development and practice of precision medicine. These and other issues will need to be taken into account as precision medicine moves ahead and becomes the standard of medical practice and care in the United States and around the world

Conductas disruptivas en el aula y desempe?o docente en la jornada tarde de la instituci?n educativa t?cnica general Roberto Leyva del Municipio de Salda?a Tolima

151 p. Recurso Electr?nicoEl estudio de la disrupci?n en el aula en la jornada tarde de la Instituci?n Educativa T?cnica General Roberto Leyva del municipio de Salda?a Tolima, sede principal, es un tema relevante en la medida que existe una fuerte preocupaci?n de los docentes por la frecuente indisciplina en clase, que no les permite desarrollar su trabajo satisfactoriamente. Mediante el presente estudio, se pretende conocer c?mo las conductas disruptivas en el aula afectan el desempe?o del docente en el mencionado contexto escolar. Para desarrollar este trabajo, se identificaron las conductas disruptivas m?s frecuentes, su influencia en los aspectos del desempe?o docente y los estilos de afrontamiento de la disciplina por parte de estos docentes. Mediante el marco te?rico, se hizo una revisi?n de antecedentes internacionales, latinoamericanos y nacionales acerca del estudio de la disrupci?n escolar; y se estableci? la relaci?n entre los conceptos de conductas disruptivas, desempe?o y estilo docente, todo esto con base en el aporte de distintos autores. Metodol?gicamente, con un enfoque mixto, se utiliz? la t?cnica del an?lisis documental aplicado a los observadores de los estudiantes tomando como l?mite de tiempo los dos primeros per?odos acad?micos, estableci?ndose una clasificaci?n en 5 tipos de conductas disruptivas, a las cuales se analiz? su frecuencia en cada uno de los 7 grados de la jornada tarde. As? mismo, para analizar el desempe?o y el estilo docente, se aplic? la t?cnica de la encuesta y, con instrumentos como la escala tipo Likert y el cuestionario con respuesta abierta, se recolect? la informaci?n proveniente de docentes, estudiantes, directivos docentes y orientadora escolar, que se tabul? mediante la herramienta inform?tica Microsoft Excel. Las conductas disruptivas con mayor proporci?n fueron las del tipo evade clase, seguido de fomenta el desorden, no realiza las actividades, agresi?n f?sica y/o verbal y finaliza no sigue las reglas. Los resultados mostraron que los grados m?s disruptivos fueron los sextos y s?ptimos, y que lo eran menos los grados m?s adelantados; tambi?n, se evidenci? que los estudiantes en extra-edad tienen alta disrupci?n, al igual que aquellos de sexo masculino. En cuanto al desempe?o docente, tomando como referencia las competencias funcionales establecidas por el Ministerio de Educaci?n Nacional, fueron la planeaci?n, el tiempo y el uso de estrategias variadas, las que se afectan por la disrupci?n en el aula, la cual, tambi?n genera intenso nivel de estr?s en el docente. Al respecto de su estilo, si bien predominan caracter?sticas democr?ticas, tambi?n se conservan rasgos agresivos y permisivos, los cuales son desencadenantes de disrupci?n en el aula. Se concluye que este fen?meno, es un problema creciente en la jornada tarde de la instituci?n, provoca una disminuci?n de la eficiencia del trabajo docente y que ?l mismo, debe contribuir cambiando sus estrategias pedag?gicas para confrontar esta situaci?n. Se recomiendan mayores estudios en el tema de disciplina escolar y planes de formaci?n docente al respecto, lo que permitir? construir propuestas m?s avanzadas en este asunto. Palabras Claves: Conductas disruptivas, convivencia escolar, disciplina escolar, desempe?o docente, estilo docenteThe study of classroom disruption in the afternoon journal of the Educational Institution Roberto Leyva from the municipality of Salda?a Tolima, headquarters, it is a relevant issue to extent that there is a strong concern of teachers about usual indiscipline in class that does not allow them to develop their work satisfactorily. Through the actual study, it is intended to know how disruptive behavior in the classroom affects the performance of the teacher in the aforementioned school context. In order to develop this work, the most fbrequent disruptive behaviors, their influence on the aspects of the teaching performance and the coping styles of the discipline by these teachers were identified. Through the theoretical framework, a review of international, Latin American and national background was made about the study of school disruption; and the relationship between the concepts of disruptive behavior, performance and teaching style was established, all this based on the contribution of different authors. Methodologically, with a mixed approach, the technique of documentary analysis applied to the observers of the students was used, taking as a time limit the first two academic periods, establishing a classification in 5 types of disruptive behaviors, to which their frequency was analyzed. Each of the 7 degrees of the day late. Likewise, to analyze the performance and the teaching style, the survey technique was applied and, with instruments such as the Likert scale and the open response questionnaire, the information was collected from teachers, students, teaching directors and school counselor, which was tabulated using the Microsoft Excel computer tool. Disruptive behaviors with a higher amount were those of the type who miss class, followed by fostering disorder, not performing activities, physical and / or verbal aggression and ending not following the rules. The results showed that the most disruptive grades were sixth and seventh grades, and that the most advanced grades were less; also, it was evidenced that the students in extra-age have high disruption, as well as those of masculine sex. Regarding the teaching performance, taking as reference the functional competences established by the National Ministry of Education, were the planning, time and the use of many strategies, which are affected by the disruption in the classroom, which also generates intense stress level to the teacher. Regarding his style, although democratic characteristics predominate, aggressive and permissive traits are also preserved, which are triggers of disruption in the classroom. It is concluded that this phenomenon, is a growing problem in the late day of the institution, it causes a decrease in the efficiency of teaching work to himself, it also must contribute by changing their pedagogical strategies to confront this situation. Further studies are recommended in the subject of school discipline and teacher training plans in this regard, which will allow to build more advanced proposals in this matter. Keywords: Disruptive behaviors, school coexistence, school discipline, teaching performance, teaching style

Perspectives on "game changer" global challenges for sustainable 21st century : Plant-based diet, unavoidable food waste biorefining, and circular economy

Planet Earth is under severe stress from several inter-linked factors mainly associated with rising global population, linear resource consumption, security of resources, unsurmountable waste generation, and social inequality, which unabated will lead to an unsustainable 21st Century. The traditional way products are designed promotes a linear economy that discards recoverable resources and creates negative environmental and social impacts. Here, we suggest multi-disciplinary approaches encompassing chemistry, process engineering and sustainability science, and sustainable solutions in "game changer" challenges in three intersecting arenas of food: Sustainable diet, valorisation of unavoidable food supply chain wastes, and circularity of food value chain systems aligning with the United Nations' seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. In the arena of sustainable diet, comprehensive life cycle assessment using the global life cycle inventory datasets and recommended daily servings is conducted to rank food choices, covering all food groups from fresh fruits/vegetables, lentils/pulses and grains to livestock, with regard to health and the environment, to emphasise the essence of plant-based diet, especially plant-based sources of protein, for holistic systemic sustainability and stability of the earth system. In the arena of unavoidable food supply chain wastes, economically feasible and synergistically (energy and material) integrated innovative biorefinery systems are suggested to transform unavoidable food waste into functional and platform chemical productions alongside energy vectors: Fuel or combined heat and power generation. In the arena of circularity of food value chain systems, novel materials and methods for plant-based protein functionalisation for food/nutraceutical applications are investigated using regenerative bio-surfactants from unavoidable food waste. This circular economy or industrial symbiosis example thus combines the other two arenas, i.e., plant-based protein sourcing and unavoidable food waste valorisation. The multi-disciplinary analysis here will eventually impact on policies for dietary change, but also contribute knowledge needed by industry and policy makers and raise awareness amongst the population at large for making a better approach to the circular economy of food

Optimización de rutas de vehículos basado en el algoritmo de agrupamiento de colonia de hormigas en el caso de transporte médico y de emergencia en la ciudad de Piura 2021

El presente proyecto, tiene como uno de los objetivos, llevar a la práctica, la optimización de rutas de vehículos, el cual se fundamenta con el desarrollo de un algoritmo de agrupamiento de colonia de hormigas en el caso de transporte médico y de emergencia. El desarrollo de organización de rutas de este tipo de instituciones del ámbito médico es de nivel manual, y su causante de éxito en primer lugar es la experiencia con la que cuenta los conductores de las unidades de emergencia, quienes realizan a diario sus recorridos por la ciudad de Piura, en segundo lugar la experiencia que cuenta el planificador de las rutas, es por ello que la primera dificultad presentada es la aglomeración de los vehículos en horas puntas, el tiempo de semáforos, y las largas distancias que deben recorrer las unidades para llegar a su punto final. Partiendo de la problemática identificada, se presenta una solución, la cual parte estudiando cada uno de los planes de rutas con las que cuenta cada una de estas instituciones, ya sea, postas médicas, clínicas y hospitales, y analizar cómo actúan frente a una emergencia que amerite la movilidad de las mismas. Con el fin de plantear una solución, en base de algoritmos, que permitan determinar la ruta más óptima de recorrido de las unidades. En primer lugar, se elige el algoritmo el cual se basa en Colonia de Hormigas, seguidamente con la ayuda de procesos matemáticos, el cual se ajustará al algoritmo y al modelo de negocio requerido para así ser implementado, y es con ello que se realizarán pruebas de manera que se evidencien la mejora en la problemática presentada. El principal de los beneficios que se esperan, es la reducción de la distancia, y consigo reducción de costos y una mejor calidad del servicio de salud vital, que hoy en día es muy requerida

The variability and reproducibility of whole genome sequencing technology for detecting resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs

Background: The emergence of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs is a serious and growing threat to public health. Next-generation sequencing is rapidly gaining traction as a diagnostic tool for investigating drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis to aid treatment decisions. However, there are few little data regarding the precision of such sequencing for assigning resistance profiles. Methods: We investigated two sequencing platforms (Illumina MiSeq, Ion Torrent PGM™) and two rapid analytic pipelines (TBProfiler, Mykrobe predictor) using a well characterised reference strain (H37Rv) and clinical isolates from patients with tuberculosis resistant to up to 13 drugs. Results were compared to phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. To assess analytical robustness individual DNA samples were subjected to repeated sequencing. Results: The MiSeq and Ion PGM systems accurately predicted drug-resistance profiles and there was high reproducibility between biological and technical sample replicates. Estimated variant error rates were low (MiSeq 1 per 77 kbp, Ion PGM 1 per 41 kbp) and genomic coverage high (MiSeq 51-fold, Ion PGM 53-fold). MiSeq provided superior coverage in GC-rich regions, which translated into incremental detection of putative genotypic drug-specific resistance, including for resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid and pyrazinamide. The TBProfiler bioinformatics pipeline was concordant with reported phenotypic susceptibility for all drugs tested except pyrazinamide and para-aminosalicylic acid, with an overall concordance of 95.3%. When using the Mykrobe predictor concordance with phenotypic testing was 73.6%. Conclusions: We have demonstrated high comparative reproducibility of two sequencing platforms, and high predictive ability of the TBProfiler mutation library and analytical pipeline, when profiling resistance to first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. However, platform-specific variability in coverage of some genome regions may have implications for predicting resistance to specific drugs. These findings may have implications for future clinical practice and thus deserve further scrutiny, set within larger studies and using updated mutation libraries

Ancient Mitogenomes Shed Light on the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths

International audienc

Amphibia, Anura, Cycloramphidae, Proceratophrys moratoi (Jim and Caramaschi, 1980): distribution extension and new altitudinal record in state of São Paulo, Brazil

Here we present a new record of the little toad Proceratophrys moratoi for the state of São Paulo, in the municipality of Bauru. This record extends to the known distribution of P. moratoi around 80 km northwestern from its type locality and around 115 km west from other known populations of this species. It also corresponds to the lowest elevation where the species has been found, approximately 200 m altitude below the known records