The politicisation of transatlantic trade in Europe: Explaining inconsistent preferences regarding free trade and the TTIP. LEQS Paper No. 151/2019 January 2020

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) generated an unprecedented public contestation across Europe. In this paper, we focus on the sources of such backlash in European public opinion. Previous studies of this issue have analysed opinions on free trade and the specific agreement separately. However, not accounting for their correlated character could lead to biased conclusions about their determinants. To address this, we apply an innovative empirical approach and construct a set of bivariate probit models to calculate joint probabilities for the different configurations of support and opposition. We validate that attitudes toward free trade and the TTIP have similar but not identical foundations. Inconsistent preferences are rooted in individual values, EU attitudes, and political cues, as well as treaty partner heuristics. Our innovative empirical approach offers an improved understanding of trade attitudes within EU’s multilevel context

Mechanical Behavior of SLS Components in Relation to the Build Orientation During the Sintering Process as Measured by ESPI

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) allows producing real parts from CAD data from materials with different characteristics compared to the final model, presenting dissimilar mechanical properties between the prototype and the product. The purpose of this work is to correlate the mechanical behavior of beam-type specimens produced by SLS with build orientation angle used as a process parameter, also attempting to demonstrate how this parameter affects the accuracy of the Empirical Similitude Method (ESM). ESM presents itself as a valuable tool when creating scale models with SLS, specifically in the framework of evolutionary product design. More specifically, the Young modulus variation of test specimens of well-known dimensions and material (DuraformTM PA2 ), will be characterized by loading them within the elastic range. The resulting elastic deformations will be measured using the technique of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) for small deformations in an out-of-plane configuration, contrasting these results with the elastic theory of deformations. As a main result, it was found that there exists a linear correlation between the build angle and the elastic modulus of the parts. Secondly, it was demonstrated empirically that the ESM predicts better the mechanical response of the part than TSM. Moreover, a 30% error reduction can be achieved within the ESM when using the build orientation angle as a process parameter.Mechanical Engineerin

Alonso de Cartagena y la defensa de la exención del obispado burgalés frente al primado toledano

The bishop of Burgos Alonso de Cartagena’s defence of the privilege of exemption and the direct dependence upon the Holy See that his diocese of Burgos enjoyed with respect to the Archbishop of Toledo Alonso Carrillo de Acuña’s attempt to extend his rights of primacy to the diocese of Burgos and displace himself within his territory, carrying the lifted cross before him as a symbol of his authority. A study of the conf ict that developed from 1448 through 1453, with an exchange of spiritual sanctions between both prelates and royal and pontifical mediation in the dispute, which finalized with an agreement in June 1453, determining that the archbishop of Toledo, in the condition of “first in Hispania” and not as metropolitan, could have the lifted cross carried before him in the city and bishopric of Burgos, although the Toledan prelate had to recognize that the diocese of Burgos was exempt and depended directly on the Holy See.Defensa que Alonso de Cartagena, obispo de Burgos, hizo del privilegio de exención y directa dependencia respecto a la Santa Sede de que gozaba la diócesis burgalesa, frente a la pretensión del arzobispo de Toledo, Alonso Carrillo de Acuña, de extender sus derechos de primacía a la diócesis de Burgos y desplazarse en su territorio llevando ante sí la cruz alzada como símbolo de su autoridad. Estudio del conflicto que se desarrolló entre los años 1448 y 1453, con intercambio de sanciones espirituales entre ambos prelados, y de la mediación regia y pontificia en la disputa, que terminó con un acuerdo en junio de 1453, en el que se determinó que el arzobispo de Toledo, en su condición de “primado de Hispania” y no como metropolitano, pudiese llevar la cruz alzada ante sí en la ciudad y obispado de Burgos, aunque el prelado toledano hubo de reconocer que la diócesis burgalesa era exenta y dependía directamente de la Santa Sede

Algunas citas de flora vascular de interés de la sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid)

Se comunica el hallazgo de nuevas localidades de plantas vasculares de la Sierra de Guadarrama madrileña, que resultan de interés en dicho territorio.Some taxa of vascular plantas collected in the Guadarrama mountains (Madrid province, C Spain) are here commented

Carrera eclesiástica e inquietudes religiosas de un clérigo castellano del siglo XV: Nuño Álvarez de Fuente Encalada, chantre de la Iglesia de Cuenca

The biography, in its historical context, of Nuño Álvarez de Fuente Encalada, cantor in the church of Cuenca during more than thirty years, a Castilian clergyman of the fifteen century barely known to the modern historiography, but very particular due to of some facets of his life and ecclesiastical career. We study the origins of his ecclesiastical career, his involvement in the Council of Basil, his academic education at the University of Bolonia, his services to the church of Cuenca, his intellectual inquisitiveness and personal library, and mainly his peculiar religiosity, activities of charity and patronage, for which he would be remembered and venerated in the church of Cuenca after his death.Análisis, en su contexto histórico, de la figura de Nuño Álvarez de Fuente Encalada, chantre de la iglesia de Cuenca durante más de treinta años, un eclesiástico castellano del siglo XV apenas conocido por la moderna historiografía, pero muy singular por ciertos aspectos de su dilatada biografía. Así, se estudian los orígenes de su carrera eclesiástica, su presencia en el concilio de Basilea, sus años de estudio en Bolonia antes de llegar a Cuenca, sus diversas tareas al servicio de la iglesia conquense, sus inquietudes intelectuales reflejadas en los libros de su biblioteca personal y sobre todo su peculiar espiritualidad, preocupaciones religiosas y actividades caritativas y de mecenazgo que llevó a cabo, motivos por los cuales tras morir comenzaría a ser objeto de recuerdo y veneración en la iglesia conquense

A generalization of the Pontryagin-Hill theorems to projective modules over Pr\"ufer domains

Motivated by the Pontryagin-Hill criteria of freeness for abelian groups, we investigate conditions under which unions of ascending chains of projective modules are again projective. Several extensions of these criteria are proved for modules over arbitrary rings and domains, including a genuine generalization of Hill's theorem for projective modules over Pr\"{u}fer domains with a countable number of maximal ideals. More precisely, we prove that, over such domains, modules which are unions of countable ascending chains of projective, pure submodules are likewise projective

Gobernanza urbana en Galicia: cicatrices en la ciudad difusa

Peer Reviewe