Measuring the difference between actual and reported food intakes in the context of energy balance under laboratory conditions

Acknowledgements The present study was funded by the Food Standards Agency, UK. The Food Standards Agency had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. The authors’ responsibilities were as follows: R. J. S., L. M. O’R. and G. W. H. designed the research; L. M. O’R. and Z. F. conducted the research and analysed the data; G. W. H. performed the statistical analyses; P. R. carried out the DLW analysis; R. J. S. had primary responsibility for the final content; R. J. S., L. M. O’R., Z. F., S. W. and M. B. E. L. wrote the paper.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

L’analyse du discours et les études rhétoriques

Ce texte est une introduction à un ouvrage intitulé La rhétorique en détail, qui se propose de montrer l’importance de l’analyse du discours pour les études de rhétorique telles qu’elles sont aujourd’hui pratiquées aux Etats-Unis. Il insiste sur la façon dont une attention soutenue à la matérialité du langage peut enrichir les diverses branches de la rhétorique contemporaine en présentant une méthode fondée sur l’étude concrète des textes qui vise à dégager leur logique interne. Il offre ce faisant une définition de l’analyse du discours, une réflexion sur la question de l’agentivité, et une « heuristique » dans le sens d’un « un ensemble de procédures de découverte à appliquer méthodiquement ».This text is the introduction to a book entitled Rhetoric in Detail that is intended to demonstrate the importance of Discourse Analysis for American Rhetorical Studies. It emphasizes the contribution that close attention to language can make to various branches of contemporary rhetoric, and offers an empirical approach based on the study of actual texts and talk, looking for their internal logic. It provides a definition of Discourse Analysis as well as an approach to the question of agency, and a heuristic in the sense of a “set of discovery procedures for systematic application

Enclave, endangered, or simply stable? Explaining the Western Pennsylvania vowel system.

One generalization that can be made about North American dialects of English is that they are changing, in some cases rapidly (Labov, Ash, and Boberg 2006:304). Also according to the Atlas of North American English (ANAE), however, the Western Pennsylvania (WPA) variety is an exception, relatively stable against a backdrop of dramatic change occurring nearby. Sociolinguists are primarily interested in change, so we have tended to pay relatively little attention to its counterpart. But even if stability appears to be the exception rather than the rule in the history of spoken language, a full account of language variation and change requires exploring the factors that favor stability as well as those that drive change. This study first tests ANAE’s claim about the the stability of the WPA variety, using a much larger dataset. Analysis of vowel formant measures from sociolinguistic interviews with 52 Anglo-American speakers from the Pittsburgh area generally confirms ANAE’s findings both about the quality of WPA vowels and about their stability across apparent time, which is causing this variety to become increasingly different from those of neigboring dialect areas. To account for this, we propose demographic reasons including population loss and the lack of large-scale in-migration, as well as ideological reasons including geographic exceptionalism that leads WPA speakers not to expect their accent to be like others’. Stability is often discussed in the context of enclave and/or endangered dialects, where competition from other varieties and the lack of a critical mass of speakers means that variation may arise or acquire social meaning (eg. Dorian 1989). Since WPA is neither an enclave nor endangered, at least in the short term, our study suggests more generally that we need to think about other contexts for stability

X-ray irradiated protoplanetary disk atmospheres II: Predictions from models in hydrostatic equilibrium

We present new models for the X-ray photoevaporation of circumstellar discs which suggest that the resulting mass loss (occurring mainly over the radial range 10-40 AU) may be the dominant dispersal mechanism for gas around low mass pre-main sequence stars, contrary to the conclusions of previous workers. Our models combine use of the MOCASSIN Monte Carlo radiative transfer code and a self-consistent solution of the hydrostatic structure of the irradiated disc. We estimate the resulting photoevaporation rates assuming sonic outflow at the surface where the gas temperature equals the local escape temperature and derive mass loss rates of ~10^{-9} M_sun/yr, typically a factor 2-10 times lower than the corresponding rates in our previous work (Ercolano et al., 2008) where we did not adjust the density structure of the irradiated disc. The somewhat lower rates, and the fact that mass loss is concentrated towards slightly smaller radii, result from the puffing up of the heated disc at a few AU which partially screens the disc at tens of AU. (.....) We highlight the fact that X-ray photoevaporation has two generic advantages for disc dispersal compared with photoevaporation by extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photons that are only modestly beyond the Lyman limit: the demonstrably large X-ray fluxes of young stars even after they have lost their discs and the fact that X-rays are effective at penetrating much larger columns of material close to the star (abridged).Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 12 pages, 11 figure

Processes and unfoldings: concurrent computations in adhesive categories

We generalise both the notion of non-sequential process and the unfolding construction (previously developed for concrete formalisms such as Petri nets and graph grammars) to the abstract setting of (single pushout) rewriting of objects in adhesive categories. The main results show that processes are in one-to-one correspondence with switch-equivalent classes of derivations, and that the unfolding construction can be characterised as a coreflection, i.e., the unfolding functor arises as the right adjoint to the embedding of the category of occurrence grammars into the category of grammars. As the unfolding represents potentially infinite computations, we need to work in adhesive categories with "well-behaved" colimits of omega-chains of monos. Compared to previous work on the unfolding of Petri nets and graph grammars, our results apply to a wider class of systems, which is due to the use of a refined notion of grammar morphism

Competition-induced stress does not explain deceptive alarm calling in tufted capuchin monkeys

Tactical deception has long attracted interest because it is often assumed to entail complex cognitive mechanisms. However, systematic evidence of tactical deception is rare and no study has attempted to determine whether such behaviours may be underpinned by relatively simple mechanisms. This study examined whether deceptive alarm calling among wild tufted capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella nigritus, feeding on contestable food resources can be potentially explained by a physiological mechanism, namely increased activation in the adrenocortex and the resulting production of glucocorticoids (GCs; ‘stress hormones’). This was tested experimentally in Iguazu? National Park, Argentina, by manipulating the potential for contest competition over food and noninvasively monitoring GC production through analysis of faecal hormone metabolites. If deceptive false alarms are indeed associated with adreno- cortical activity, it was predicted that the patterns of production of these calls would match the patterns of GC output, generally being higher in callers than noncallers in cases in which food is most contestable, and specifically being higher in callers on those occasions when a deceptive false alarm was produced. This hypothesis was not supported, as (1) GC output was significantly lower in association with the experimental introduction of contestable resources than in natural contexts wherein the potential for contest is lower, (2) within experimental contexts, there was a nonsignificant tendency for noncallers to show higher GC output than callers when food was most contestable, and (3) individuals did not show higher GC levels in cases in which they produced deceptive alarms relative to cases in which they did not. A learned association between the production of alarms and increased access to food may be the most likely cognitive explanation for this case of tactical deception, although unexplored physiological mechanisms also remain possible

The interferon-inducible gene, Ifi204, acquires malignant transformation capability upon mutation at the Rb-binding sites

Abstractp204 overexpression in retinoblastoma (Rb)−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts or transfection of p204 mutated at both Rb-binding sites confer growth advantages, resulting in a significantly higher number of foci in a cell focus assay. To investigate the possibility that mutated p204 acquires malignant transformation capability, NIH3T3 cells were stably transfected with the expression vector pRcRSV204 double-mutant (p204dm) harboring both the C-terminal deletion up to amino acid 568 and the point mutation from glutamic acid to lysine at position 427, and analyzed for markers typical of cell immortalization and transformation. We detected a greater abundance of cell colonies in soft agar with p204dm-expressing cells than vector control cells. The p204dm-transfected cells also displayed two other characteristics associated with malignant transformation, i.e. growth under low-serum conditions and formation of tumors in athymic nude mice. Moreover, their telomerase activity was significantly higher than in the vector control cells. It would thus seem that p204, devoid of functional Rb-binding motifs, can become oncogenic

45th Annual Larval Fish Conference & 13th International Larval Biology Symposium San Diego, California 29 August – 1 September, 2022

INDITU

A lattice-theoretical perspective on adhesive categories

It is a known fact that the subobjects of an object in an adhesive category form a distributive lattice. Building on this observation, in the paper we show how the representation theorem for finite distributive lattices applies to subobject lattices. In particular, we introduce a notion of irreducible object in an adhesive category, and we prove that any finite object of an adhesive category can be obtained as the colimit of its irreducible subobjects. Furthermore we show that every arrow between finite objects in an adhesive category can be interpreted as a lattice homomorphism between subobject lattices and, conversely, we characterize those homomorphisms between subobject lattices which can be seen as arrows