44 research outputs found
Problems of Rehousing
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the changing circumstances of a group of families rehoused by the Glasgow Local Authority. The families came mostly from central areas of the city and were rehoused in Drumchapel on the western periphery of Glasgow. The gains of moving to new houses were thus offset by separation from friends and relatives, and increased travelling times to work and shops. Fresh air and clean surroundings were accompanied by higher rates and rents, higher bus fares and the expense of fitting out new and larger houses. A total of 421 families were seen in their old houses immediately before being rehoused by the local authority. Three hundred and ninety-seven of these families were seen after six months in their new houses and 387 after one year. Most of the families had been on the local authority housing list for over ten years and the average age of the tenants at the time of rehousing was over 38 years. Nine out of ten of the old houses were tenements dating back to the nineteenth century. Nine out of ten of the new houses were also tenements, and the majority of these were of three apartments (Two bedrooms and living-dining room). The numbers of new four and five apartment houses available were inadequate and led to overcrowding in over one fifth of the three-apartment houses. The number of smaller houses available was also inadequate, making it necessary in several cases to accommodate couples and single persons in three-apartment houses. Nevertheless overcrowding was far less common after rehousing, and overcrowding of sleeping accommodation was abolished. Almost one half of the old houses had shared toilet accommodation. In such cases the toilet was usually situated on the stairhead and shared by two to five families. Less than one fifth of the houses had baths or running hot water. All of the new houses had toilets, baths and running hot water. Most of the tenants were engaged in skilled or semi-skilled work, but the tenants transferred from houses due for demolition and the tenants who had kept their old houses in an unsatisfactory state, showed an excess of unskilled workers. Further, the men drawn from these very decrepit and ill-kept houses showed a relatively poor work record in terms of continuity of employment over the two years before rehousing. Over one half of the tenants had liked their old districts, but most of them preferred Drumchapel. Those tenants transferred from older local authority houses often saw little improvement in Drumchapel over their old conditions. They were glad to move to a home of their own, but often sighed for the semi-detached, or terraced type of house they had left. The rents and rates of the old houses averaged 15/4[d] weekly, those of the new houses averaged 25/5[d] weekly. The increase was considered worthwhile by most tenants when they took into account the improved facilities of the new houses. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)
Comparative transcriptional profiling analysis of developing melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit from climacteric and non-climacteric varieties
[EN] Background: In climacteric fruit-bearing species, the onset of fruit ripening is marked by a transient rise in
respiration rate and autocatalytic ethylene production, followed by rapid deterioration in fruit quality. In
non-climacteric species, there is no increase in respiration or ethylene production at the beginning or during fruit
ripening. Melon is unusual in having climacteric and non-climacteric varieties, providing an interesting model system to
compare both ripening types. Transcriptomic analysis of developing melon fruits from Védrantais and Dulce
(climacteric) and Piel de sapo and PI 161375 (non-climacteric) varieties was performed to understand the molecular
mechanisms that differentiate the two fruit ripening types.
Results: Fruits were harvested at 15, 25, 35 days after pollination and at fruit maturity. Transcript profiling was performed
using an oligo-based microarray with 75 K probes. Genes linked to characteristic traits of fruit ripening were differentially
expressed between climacteric and non-climacteric types, as well as several transcription factor genes and genes
encoding enzymes involved in sucrose catabolism. The expression patterns of some genes in PI 161375 fruits were either
intermediate between. Piel de sapo and the climacteric varieties, or more similar to the latter. PI 161375 fruits also
accumulated some carotenoids, a characteristic trait of climacteric varieties.
Conclusions: Simultaneous changes in transcript abundance indicate that there is coordinated reprogramming of
gene expression during fruit development and at the onset of ripening in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.
The expression patterns of genes related to ethylene metabolism, carotenoid accumulation, cell wall integrity and
transcriptional regulation varied between genotypes and was consistent with the differences in their fruit ripening
characteristics. There were differences between climacteric and non-climacteric varieties in the expression of genes
related to sugar metabolism suggesting that they may be potential determinants of sucrose content and
post-harvest stability of sucrose levels in fruit. Several transcription factor genes were also identified that were
differentially expressed in both types, implicating them in regulation of ripening behaviour. The intermediate
nature of PI 161375 suggested that classification of melon fruit ripening behaviour into just two distinct types is
an over-simplification, and that in reality there is a continuous spectrum of fruit ripening behaviourWe wish to thank Marta Casado for assistance with qRT-PCR analysis, Anna Orozco and Rosa Rodriguez for help with carotenoid measurements, Kostas Alexiou for uploading the microarray data at GEO and Walter Sanseverino for obtaining the correspondence of the microarray contigs with the melon annotated genes. We thank Beatrice Encke and Nicole Krohn for technical help with the sugar analysis. We also thank Laura Pascual for a critical reading of the manuscript. MSa was supported by a JAE-Doc grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN project GEN2006-27773-C2-1-E to JGM) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF project 0313987 to MSt) within the framework of the EU Framework 6 ERA-NET Plant Genomics programme.Saladie, M.; Cañizares Sales, J.; Michael A. 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Feedback Inhibition of Starch Degradation in Arabidopsis Leaves Mediated by Trehalose 6-Phosphate
Clinical effectiveness of bisphosphonates for the prevention of fragility fractures: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Discovery of sisunatovir (RV521), an inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus fusion
RV521 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion that was identified after a lead optimization process based upon hits that originated from a physical property directed hit profiling exercise at Reviral. This exercise encompassed collaborations with a number of contract organizations with collaborative medicinal chemistry and virology during the optimization phase in addition to those utilized as the compound proceeded through preclinical and clinical evaluation. RV521 exhibited a mean IC50 of 1.2 nM against a panel of RSV A and B laboratory strains and clinical isolates with antiviral efficacy in the Balb/C mouse model of RSV infection. Oral bioavailability in preclinical species ranged from 42 to >100% with evidence of highly efficient penetration into lung tissue. In healthy adult human volunteers experimentally infected with RSV, a potent antiviral effect was observed with a significant reduction in viral load and symptoms compared to placebo
Ecology and Transmission of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review
Buruli ulcer is a neglected emerging disease that has recently been reported in some countries as the second most frequent mycobacterial disease in humans after tuberculosis. Cases have been reported from at least 32 countries in Africa (mainly west), Australia, Southeast Asia, China, Central and South America, and the Western Pacific. Large lesions often result in scarring, contractual deformities, amputations, and disabilities, and in Africa, most cases of the disease occur in children between the ages of 4–15 years. This environmental mycobacterium, Mycobacterium ulcerans, is found in communities associated with rivers, swamps, wetlands, and human-linked changes in the aquatic environment, particularly those created as a result of environmental disturbance such as deforestation, dam construction, and agriculture. Buruli ulcer disease is often referred to as the “mysterious disease” because the mode of transmission remains unclear, although several hypotheses have been proposed. The above review reveals that various routes of transmission may occur, varying amongst epidemiological setting and geographic region, and that there may be some role for living agents as reservoirs and as vectors of M. ulcerans, in particular aquatic insects, adult mosquitoes or other biting arthropods. We discuss traditional and non-traditional methods for indicting the roles of living agents as biologically significant reservoirs and/or vectors of pathogens, and suggest an intellectual framework for establishing criteria for transmission. The application of these criteria to the transmission of M. ulcerans presents a significant challenge
The seeds of divergence: the economy of French North America, 1688 to 1760
Generally, Canada has been ignored in the literature on the colonial origins of divergence with most of the attention going to the United States. Late nineteenth century estimates of income per capita show that Canada was relatively poorer than the United States and that within Canada, the French and Catholic population of Quebec was considerably poorer. Was this gap long standing? Some evidence has been advanced for earlier periods, but it is quite limited and not well-suited for comparison with other societies.
This thesis aims to contribute both to Canadian economic history and to comparative work on inequality across nations during the early modern period. With the use of novel prices and wages from Quebec—which was then the largest settlement in Canada and under French rule—a price index, a series of real wages and a measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are constructed. They are used to shed light both on the course of economic development until the French were defeated by the British in 1760 and on standards of living in that colony relative to the mother country, France, as well as the American colonies.
The work is divided into three components. The first component relates to the construction of a price index. The absence of such an index has been a thorn in the side of Canadian historians as it has limited the ability of historians to obtain real values of wages, output and living standards. This index shows that prices did not follow any trend and remained at a stable level. However, there were episodes of wide swings—mostly due to wars and the monetary experiment of playing card money. The creation of this index lays the foundation of the next component.
The second component constructs a standardized real wage series in the form of welfare ratios (a consumption basket divided by nominal wage rate multiplied by length of work year) to compare Canada with France, England and Colonial America. Two measures are derived. The first relies on a “bare bones” definition of consumption with a large share of land-intensive goods. This measure indicates that Canada was poorer than England and Colonial America and not appreciably richer than France. However, this measure overestimates the relative position of Canada to the Old World because of the strong presence of land-intensive goods. A second measure is created using a “respectable” definition of consumption in which the basket includes a larger share of manufactured goods and capital-intensive goods. This second basket better reflects differences in living standards since the abundance of land in Canada (and Colonial America) made it easy to achieve bare subsistence, but the scarcity of capital and skilled labor made the consumption of luxuries and manufactured goods (clothing, lighting, imported goods) highly expensive. With this measure, the advantage of New France over France evaporates and turns slightly negative. In comparison with Britain and Colonial America, the gap widens appreciably. This element is the most important for future research. By showing a reversal because of a shift to a different type of basket, it shows that Old World and New World comparisons are very sensitive to how we measure the cost of living. Furthermore, there are no sustained improvements in living standards over the period regardless of the measure used. Gaps in living standards observed later in the nineteenth century existed as far back as the seventeenth century. In a wider American perspective that includes the Spanish colonies, Canada fares better.
The third component computes a new series for Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is to avoid problems associated with using real wages in the form of welfare ratios which assume a constant labor supply. This assumption is hard to defend in the case of Colonial Canada as there were many signs of increasing industriousness during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The GDP series suggest no long-run trend in living standards (from 1688 to circa 1765). The long peace era of 1713 to 1740 was marked by modest economic growth which offset a steady decline that had started in 1688, but by 1760 (as a result of constant warfare) living standards had sunk below their 1688 levels. These developments are accompanied by observations that suggest that other indicators of living standard declined. The flat-lining of incomes is accompanied by substantial increases in the amount of time worked, rising mortality and rising infant mortality. In addition, comparisons of incomes with the American colonies confirm the results obtained with wages— Canada was considerably poorer.
At the end, a long conclusion is provides an exploratory discussion of why Canada would have diverged early on. In structural terms, it is argued that the French colony was plagued by the problem of a small population which prohibited the existence of scale effects. In combination with the fact that it was dispersed throughout the territory, the small population of New France limited the scope for specialization and economies of scale. However, this problem was in part created, and in part aggravated, by institutional factors like seigneurial tenure. The colonial origins of French America’s divergence from the rest of North America are thus partly institutional
Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses
To understand neurological complications of COVID-19 better both acutely and for recovery, we measured markers of brain injury, inflammatory mediators, and autoantibodies in 203 hospitalised participants; 111 with acute sera (1–11 days post-admission) and 92 convalescent sera (56 with COVID-19-associated neurological diagnoses). Here we show that compared to 60 uninfected controls, tTau, GFAP, NfL, and UCH-L1 are increased with COVID-19 infection at acute timepoints and NfL and GFAP are significantly higher in participants with neurological complications. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, HGF, M-CSF, CCL2, and IL-1RA) are associated with both altered consciousness and markers of brain injury. Autoantibodies are more common in COVID-19 than controls and some (including against MYL7, UCH-L1, and GRIN3B) are more frequent with altered consciousness. Additionally, convalescent participants with neurological complications show elevated GFAP and NfL, unrelated to attenuated systemic inflammatory mediators and to autoantibody responses. Overall, neurological complications of COVID-19 are associated with evidence of neuroglial injury in both acute and late disease and these correlate with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses acutely