Dengue virus in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i> in urban areas in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil: Importance of virological and entomological surveillance

<div><p>Background</p><p>Vector control remains the sole effective method to prevent dengue virus (DENV) transmission, although a vaccine for dengue has recently become available and testing of its efficacy and coverage is being performed in multiple places. Entomological surveillance is a key factor in alerting authorities to possible outbreaks, but until now natural DENV infection of mosquito populations has been scarcely used as an early warning system to monitor fluctuating prevalence of infected mosquitoes. The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of adult and larval/pupae of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i> with DENV in urban areas in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>Immature insect forms (larvae and pupae) were collected from April 2011 to March 2012, whereas the collection of adults was conducted along 3 years: May 2011 to April 2014. Total RNAs of the samples were extracted and the nested reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detecting and typing DENV was performed. Of the 1333 immature insects collected during the study period, 1186 (89%) were <i>A</i>. <i>aegypti</i> and 147 (11%) <i>A</i>. <i>albopictus</i>. DENV-4 was identified in pools of <i>A</i>. <i>aegypti</i> larvae. The rate of DENV infection in immature <i>A</i>. <i>aegypti</i> was expressed as MIR = 3.37. DENV wasnot detected in immature <i>A</i>. <i>albopictus</i>. A total of 1360 adult female mosquitoes of the <i>Aedes</i> genus were captured from May 2011 to April 2014. Of this total, 1293 were <i>A</i>. <i>aegypti</i> (95%) and 67 were <i>A</i>. <i>albopictus</i> (5%). From the 130 pools studied, 27 (20.7%) were positive for DENV. DENV-1 was identified in 2/27 (7.4%) pools; 1of <i>A</i>. <i>albopictus</i> and 1 of <i>A</i>. <i>aegypti</i>. DENV-2 was identified in only 1/27 (3.7%) <i>A</i>. <i>aegypti</i> pools. DENV-4 was the most prevalent, identified in 24/27 (88.8%) of the positive pools, with 19 being of <i>A</i>. <i>aegypti</i> and 5 of <i>A</i>. <i>albopictus</i> pools. The minimum infection rate for adults of the <i>Aedes</i> genus was 19.8, considering both <i>A</i>. <i>aegypti</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>albopictus</i>.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>This work represents the most complete study to date on the interaction between dengue viruses and <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, and raises important questions about a possible role of <i>A</i>. <i>albopictus</i> in the transmission of dengue virus in Brazil.</p></div

Study area.

<p>Map with the location point in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Areas where mosquitoes, larvae and pupae were collected. 1- Alecrim, 2- Felipe Camarão, 3- Nova Descoberta, 4- Potengi, and 5- Quintas. Note: This figure was created specifically for this manuscript by QGIS program. QGIS is a free and open-source cross-platform desktop geographic information system (GIS) application.</p

Minimum infection rate (MIR) for dengue virus in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> adults collected in urban areas in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

<p>Minimum infection rate (MIR) for dengue virus in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> adults collected in urban areas in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.</p

Dengue virus in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> larvae and pupae collected in urban areas in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

<p>Dengue virus in <i>Aedes albopictus</i> larvae and pupae collected in urban areas in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.</p

Minimum infection rate (MIR) for dengue virus in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> larvae and pupae collected in urban areas in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

<p>Minimum infection rate (MIR) for dengue virus in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> larvae and pupae collected in urban areas in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.</p

Epidemiologic and clinical investigations during a chikungunya outbreak in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil.

The first autochthonous case of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in Brazil was in September 2014 in the State of Amapá, and from there it rapidly spread across the country. The present study was conducted in 2016 in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, and the aims were to describe the epidemiological and the clinical aspects of the CHIKV outbreak. Biological samples from 284 chikungunya suspected cases were screened for CHIKV and Flavivirus (FV) RNA using qRT-PCR. Negative PCR samples were also screened for anti-CHIKV and anti-FVIgM by ELISA. CHIKV RNA were detected in 125 samples mostly occurring from January through March (46%), mainly affecting adults and older adults. We found a gradual decrease in viral RNA over the disease time. Anti-CHIKV IgM was found in 47.5% after negative CHIKV qRT-PCR. Interestingly, 45.0% simultaneously had positive results for CHIKV and FV IgM, suggesting the occurrence of virus co-circulation. The most frequent symptom was fever (91%). Women presented more chance to develop nausea and abdominal pain compared to men. Our data described and allows us to better understand the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the 2016 chikungunya outbreak in Rio Grande do Norte and can help in the early clinical diagnosis of the virus

Fatores associados ao padrão de consumo alimentar da população brasileira urbana Factors associated with dietary patterns in the urban Brazilian population

Avaliou-se os fatores que explicariam diferentes padrões de consumo alimentar da população urbana brasileira, com base na Pesquisa sobre Padrões de Vida, realizada no Nordeste e no Sudeste em 1996-1997. Foram incluídos os dados de consumo familiar (últimos 14 dias a partir de uma listagem com 28 alimentos) de 5.121 adultos na faixa etária de 20 a 50 anos, após exclusão das gestantes, das lactantes e das pessoas que referiram problema de saúde crônico. Os padrões de consumo alimentar foram definidos pela análise de componentes principais, onde o valor de carga de uma determinada variável (alimento) é proporcional à sua contribuição para o fator (padrão de consumo) em questão, com a carga negativa indicando que a variável está inversamente associada com o fator, enquanto a positiva indica uma associação direta. A Região Nordeste comparada à Região Sudeste associou-se negativamente a um padrão misto, quando todos os alimentos foram igualmente importantes. O índice de massa corporal associou-se positivamente ao padrão misto, e praticar atividade física e ser negro associou-se negativamente a este padrão. Escolaridade e renda foram as variáveis que mais explicaram o consumo alimentar, mas mesmo ajustando por elas, a região de residência foi o terceiro maior componente explicativo.<br>This study evaluated factors associated with dietary patterns in the Brazilian population based on the Living Standards Survey conducted in the Northeast and Southeast regions of the country. Multi-stage probability sampling was employed to select the households, and for the present analysis 5,121 adults aged 20 to 50 years were included. Pregnant women and individuals reporting chronic health conditions were excluded. Through principal component analysis, two major family dietary patterns were identified: a mixed pattern, in which all groups and foods have approximately the same factor loading, and a second pattern based main1y on rice and beans, which was called a traditional diet. Weight and height were measured in the households, and food intake was based on a 21-item semi-quantitative family questionnaire. The Northeast (as compared to the Southeast) was negatively associated with the mixed pattern. Body mass index was positively associated with the mixed pattern, whereas leisure physical activity and Black skin color were negatively associated with the mixed pattern. Schooling and income levels explained most of the dietary variance, but after adjusting for education and income, region of residence remained significantly associated and was the third most important explanatory variable

Toxicologie predictive: les voies du futur

National audienc