Evaluación de conocimientos y habilidades en el areá de Geografía en estudiantes de 8vo. Básico y 4to. Medio

The objective of the research was to evaluate the development of the discipline of geography with respect to fundamental knowledge and skills to be attained in 8th grade students. Basic and 4th. Middle. The curricular study confirms the undervaluation of the discipline in comparison to the area of history which, according to the reviewed literature, allows to deduce that the thematic-programmatic proposals are outdated and the learning designs decontextualized. We evaluated students from municipal and subsidized educational institutions in Valparaíso, Viña del Mar and San Felipe (n = 428), after elaborating, validating and applying an instrument focused on the cognitive area of knowledge and understanding of contents, simulated situations analysis and application Of contextualized fundamental knowledge, in addition to expressing the degree of security in the response, denoted only acceptable levels of knowledge (Total success = 32%) and low security indexes in the responses. The answers focus on contextualized questions spatially or temporally.La investigación tuvo por objetivo evaluar el desarrollo de la disciplina de geografía respecto de conocimientos y habilidades fundamentales a alcanzar en estudiantes de 8vo. Básico y 4to. Medio. El estudio curricular constata la subvaloración de la disciplina en comparación con el área de historia lo cual, según la literatura revisada, permite deducir que las propuestas temático-programáticas están desactualizadas y los diseños de aprendizaje descontextualizados. Se evaluó estudiantes de establecimientos educacionales municipales y subvencionados de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar y San Felipe (n= 428), tras elaborar, validar y aplicar un instrumento focalizado en el área cognitiva del conocimiento y comprensión de contenidos, análisis de situaciones simuladas y aplicación de conocimientos fundamentales contextualizados, además de expresar el grado de seguridad en la respuesta, denota niveles de conocimiento sólo aceptables (Acierto total=32%) y bajos índices de seguridad en las respuestas. Los aciertos se focalizan en preguntas contextualizadas espacial o temporalmente

El imaginario de Estados Unidos en dos libros de viajes de Julián Marías y Josep Pla de los años cincuenta

En este artículo se analizan los libros de viajes Los Estados Unidos en escorzo (1956), de Julián Marías y Viaje a América (1960), de Josep Pla, teniendo en cuenta la tradición de literatura de viajes sobre Estados Unidos publicada en Europa a partir de 1945 y en España a partir de 1953, año de la firma de los acuerdos bilaterales entre el gobierno norteamericano y el franquista. Más concretamente, nos centraremos en el análisis contextual, formal e imagológico de estas dos obras, a través de las cuales los autores difunden unas formas de vida y de cultura norteamericanas relacionadas con la introducción gradual de la filosofía mercantil del libre comercio en España.In this paper I analyse two travel books: Los Estados Unidos en escorzo (1956), written by Julián Marías, and Viaje a América (1960), by Josep Pla. We take into account the tradition of travel literature to the United States published (in Europe) after 1945 and (in Spain) after 1953, the year of the bilateral agreement between the Francoist regime and the government of the United States. More specifically, the study focuses on the contextual, formal and imagological analysis of both works, through which Marías and Pla disseminate their knowledge of some aspects of the North American way of life and culture related to the gradual introduction in Spain of the commercial philosophy of free trade

Incidence and clinical manifestations of giant cell arteritis in Spain: results of the ARTESER register

Objective This study aimed to estimate the incidence of giant cell arteritis (GCA) in Spain and to analyse its clinical manifestations, and distribution by age group, sex, geographical area and season.Methods We included all patients diagnosed with GCA between 1 June 2013 and 29 March 2019 at 26 hospitals of the National Health System. They had to be aged ≥50 years and have at least one positive results in an objective diagnostic test (biopsy or imaging techniques), meet 3/5 of the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria or have a clinical diagnosis based on the expert opinion of the physician in charge. We calculated incidence rate using Poisson regression and assessed the influence of age, sex, geographical area and season.Results We identified 1675 cases of GCA with a mean age at diagnosis of 76.9±8.3 years. The annual incidence was estimated at 7.42 (95% CI 6.57 to 8.27) cases of GCA per 100 000 people ≥50 years with a peak for patients aged 80–84 years (23.06 (95% CI 20.89 to 25.4)). The incidence was greater in women (10.06 (95% CI 8.7 to 11.5)) than in men (4.83 (95% CI 3.8 to 5.9)). No significant differences were found between geographical distribution and incidence throughout the year (p=0.125). The phenotypes at diagnosis were cranial in 1091 patients, extracranial in 337 patients and mixed in 170 patients.Conclusions This is the first study to estimate the incidence of GCA in Spain at a national level. We found a predominance among women and during the ninth decade of life with no clear variability according to geographical area or seasons of the year