7 research outputs found
Large Language Model Alignment: A Survey
Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress made in large language models
(LLMs). Such advancements, while garnering significant attention, have
concurrently elicited various concerns. The potential of these models is
undeniably vast; however, they may yield texts that are imprecise, misleading,
or even detrimental. Consequently, it becomes paramount to employ alignment
techniques to ensure these models to exhibit behaviors consistent with human
values.
This survey endeavors to furnish an extensive exploration of alignment
methodologies designed for LLMs, in conjunction with the extant capability
research in this domain. Adopting the lens of AI alignment, we categorize the
prevailing methods and emergent proposals for the alignment of LLMs into outer
and inner alignment. We also probe into salient issues including the models'
interpretability, and potential vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks. To
assess LLM alignment, we present a wide variety of benchmarks and evaluation
methodologies. After discussing the state of alignment research for LLMs, we
finally cast a vision toward the future, contemplating the promising avenues of
research that lie ahead.
Our aspiration for this survey extends beyond merely spurring research
interests in this realm. We also envision bridging the gap between the AI
alignment research community and the researchers engrossed in the capability
exploration of LLMs for both capable and safe LLMs.Comment: 76 page
Evaluating Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across
a broad spectrum of tasks. They have attracted significant attention and been
deployed in numerous downstream applications. Nevertheless, akin to a
double-edged sword, LLMs also present potential risks. They could suffer from
private data leaks or yield inappropriate, harmful, or misleading content.
Additionally, the rapid progress of LLMs raises concerns about the potential
emergence of superintelligent systems without adequate safeguards. To
effectively capitalize on LLM capacities as well as ensure their safe and
beneficial development, it is critical to conduct a rigorous and comprehensive
evaluation of LLMs.
This survey endeavors to offer a panoramic perspective on the evaluation of
LLMs. We categorize the evaluation of LLMs into three major groups: knowledge
and capability evaluation, alignment evaluation and safety evaluation. In
addition to the comprehensive review on the evaluation methodologies and
benchmarks on these three aspects, we collate a compendium of evaluations
pertaining to LLMs' performance in specialized domains, and discuss the
construction of comprehensive evaluation platforms that cover LLM evaluations
on capabilities, alignment, safety, and applicability.
We hope that this comprehensive overview will stimulate further research
interests in the evaluation of LLMs, with the ultimate goal of making
evaluation serve as a cornerstone in guiding the responsible development of
LLMs. We envision that this will channel their evolution into a direction that
maximizes societal benefit while minimizing potential risks. A curated list of
related papers has been publicly available at
https://github.com/tjunlp-lab/Awesome-LLMs-Evaluation-Papers.Comment: 111 page
Multicolor Barcoding in a Single Upconversion Crystal
We
report the synthesis of luminescent crystals based on hexagonal-phase
NaYF<sub>4</sub> upconversion microrods. The synthetic procedure involves
an epitaxial end-on growth of upconversion nanocrystals comprising
different lanthanide activators onto the NaYF<sub>4</sub> microrods.
This bottom-up method readily affords multicolor-banded crystals in
gram quantity by varying the composition of the activators. Importantly,
the end-on growth method using one-dimensional microrods as the template
enables facile multicolor tuning in a single crystal, which is inaccessible
in conventional upconversion nanoparticles. We demonstrate that these
novel materials offer opportunities as optical barcodes for anticounterfeiting
and multiplexed labeling applications
Multicolor Barcoding in a Single Upconversion Crystal
We
report the synthesis of luminescent crystals based on hexagonal-phase
NaYF<sub>4</sub> upconversion microrods. The synthetic procedure involves
an epitaxial end-on growth of upconversion nanocrystals comprising
different lanthanide activators onto the NaYF<sub>4</sub> microrods.
This bottom-up method readily affords multicolor-banded crystals in
gram quantity by varying the composition of the activators. Importantly,
the end-on growth method using one-dimensional microrods as the template
enables facile multicolor tuning in a single crystal, which is inaccessible
in conventional upconversion nanoparticles. We demonstrate that these
novel materials offer opportunities as optical barcodes for anticounterfeiting
and multiplexed labeling applications
A critical role of Rap1b in B-cell trafficking and marginal zone B-cell development
B-cell development is orchestrated by complex signaling networks. Rap1 is a member of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins and has 2 isoforms, Rap1a and Rap1b. Although Rap1 has been suggested to have an important role in a variety of cellular processes, no direct evidence demonstrates a role for Rap1 in B-cell biology. In this study, we found that Rap1b was the dominant isoform of Rap1 in B cells. We discovered that Rap1b deficiency in mice barely affected early development of B cells but markedly reduced marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the spleen and mature B cells in peripheral and mucosal lymph nodes. Rap1b-deficient B cells displayed normal survival and proliferation in vivo and in vitro. However, Rap1b-deficient B cells had impaired adhesion and reduced chemotaxis in vitro, and lessened homing to lymph nodes in vivo. Furthermore, we found that Rap1b deficiency had no marked effect on LPS-, BCR-, or SDF-1–induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and AKT but clearly impaired SDF-1–mediated activation of Pyk-2, a key regulator of SDF-1–mediated B-cell migration. Thus, we have discovered a critical and distinct role of Rap1b in mature B-cell trafficking and development of MZ B cells