Behavioral Economics in the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Theory and Simulations

We provide a game-theoretical epidemiological model for the COVID-19 pandemic that takes into account that: (1) asymptomatic individuals can be contagious, (2) contagion is behavior-dependent, (3) behavior is determined by a game that depends on beliefs and social interactions, (4) there can be systematic biases in the perceptions and beliefs about the pandemic. We incorporate lockdown decisions by the government into the model. The citizens’ and government’s beliefs can exhibit several biases that we discuss from the point of view of behavioral economics. We provide simulations to understand the effect of lockdown decisions and the possibility of “nudging” citizens in the right direction by improving the accuracy of their beliefs.Blas A. Marin-Lopez gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (ECO2017-87069-P). David Jimenez-Gomez is grateful for the funding from the Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), through the PID2019-107081GB-I00 project; from the Ministry of Science and Innovation, through the project “Nudging applied to the improvement of regulation” (RED2018-102761-T); from the Valencian Community, through the Prometeo program PROMETEO/2021/073. José-María Abellán-Perpiñán is grateful for the funding from the Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the PID2019-104907GB-I00 project. He is also grateful for funding from Fundacion Seneca through the 20825/PI/18 project

El tratamiento institucional de los menores que cometen delitos antes de los 14 años

La LO 5/2000, reguladora de la responsabilidad penal de los menores ha obligado a las comunidades autónomas no sólo a asumir la responsabilidad de responder a los menores de entre 14 y 17 años que cometen delitos, sino también a trabajar formal y preventivamente con los menores de 14 años que delincan. La propia legislación de menores establecía la necesidad de trabajar con estos menores de 14 años desde los servicios de Protección de la Infancia; una institución que hasta el momento trabajaba con esquemas clásicos de desprotección de la infancia y abandono familiar y no sobre situaciones de riesgo social. El objetivo de este trabajo es sacar a la luz una realidad apenas conocida en el ámbito español: la de los delitos cometidos por menores de 14 años y las medidas desarrolladas en este tiempo por las instituciones que trabajan con ellos. En él se muestran los resultados de una investigación empírica realizada en tres comunidades autónomas españolas: Aragón, Andalucía y Castilla-La Mancha, en la que se han analizado el 25% de los expedientes de menores que cometieron un delito a lo largo del año 2004 y en la que se ha entrevistado a expertos del ámbito jurídico y social que trabajan con esta población infantil

Study of physical and chemical properties of vitrinites. Inferences on depositional and coalification controls

URA. 724 du CNRS a été intégrée dans l'UMR 6113 - CNRS, Université d'Orléans : ISTOInternational audienceA detailed study of petrological, geochemical, textural and coking properties was carried out on vitrains from the Puertollano, Blanzy–Montçeau, Asturias and Teruel. The objective was to determine in depth the physical and chemical properties of a series of natural and pure vitrinites of different rank, and the influence that the sedimentary and post-sedimentary conditions had on them. It is demonstrated that although vitrains are almost entirely made up of the huminite/vitrinite maceral group they have a different composition, thermal behaviour and physical properties. Thus, geochemical and textural properties of Blanzy–Montçeau vitrains can be considered to be representative of the telinite, the major component in both samples (75% vol.) at the beginning of the bituminization stage (subbituminous/high volatile C bituminous coals). The characteristics of the Puertollano vitrains described here can also be attributed to the telocollinite (>80% vol.) for the high volatile C bituminous coal. Variations in physico-chemical properties between Puertollano and Blanzy–Montçeau vitrains are due to the differences in the initial composition of organic matter. Slight differences (i.e., bed moisture content or porosity) between vitrains from the two coal seams in the same basin can be attributed to their stratigraphic position. Several parameters such as S2, HI, oil and extraction yield and fluorescent properties suggest that the Puertollano and Blanzy–Montçeau vitrains have a lower hydrocarbon potential. The relationships between geochemical and textural properties make it possible to distinguish between ‘normal' and perhydrous vitrains. The two different hydrogen-enrichment processes that occur in vitrains from the Teruel and Asturias basins can be distinguished from the extraction yield data

Effect of the increase in temperature on the evolution of the physical and chemical structure of vitrinite

UMR 6531/FR 09 CNRS/Université d'Orléans est remplacé par CNRS Univ. d'Orléans, UMR6113 - ISTOThe effect of the progressive increase in temperature (off-line pyrolysis in an open-medium system) on a monomaceralic coal (low rank and pure vitrinite) has been studied on the basis of changes in its chemical and physical structure. The properties of the solid residues and liquid effluents obtained were studied using a wide range of petrographic and geochemical techniques. Results support the validity of this pyrolysis method for following the physico–chemical processes that occur in vitrinite of bituminous coal rank. Of special interest is the information concerning the control of the structure on the vitrinite reflectance parameter in the bituminization stage. The evolution of properties and changes occurring at this stage show that the increase in vitrinite reflectance is strongly related and depends on changes in the chemical structure of this maceral during heating rather than on changes in elemental composition. However, any relationship between reflectance and chemical properties needs to be established empirically. The mechanism during heating consists of a complex mixture of depolymerization and condensation reactions with the progressive homogenisation of the botanical structure of the vitrinite. Moreover, pyrolysis conditions lead to a rapid and massive expulsion of the thermally generated products, causing a significant decrease in the H/C atomic ratio and higher thermostability of the solid residues. The enhancement of cross-linking with the formation of C–O–C bridges, which have high activation energy also contributes to an increase in thermal stability. Results obtained from the production and expulsion of oil suggest that this method is suitable for providing an estimation of the amount of hydrocarbons that might be produced and migrate from coals of similar rank. This is of special interest for coals with significant petroligenous potential or for coals that are gas-prone, depending on their composition and rank

Flow Cytometry Data Preparation Guidelines for Improved Automated Phenotypic Analysis.

Advances in flow cytometry (FCM) increasingly demand adoption of computational analysis tools to tackle the ever-growing data dimensionality. In this study, we tested different data input modes to evaluate how cytometry acquisition configuration and data compensation procedures affect the performance of unsupervised phenotyping tools. An analysis workflow was set up and tested for the detection of changes in reference bead subsets and in a rare subpopulation of murine lymph node CD103+ dendritic cells acquired by conventional or spectral cytometry. Raw spectral data or pseudospectral data acquired with the full set of available detectors by conventional cytometry consistently outperformed datasets acquired and compensated according to FCM standards. Our results thus challenge the paradigm of one-fluorochrome/one-parameter acquisition in FCM for unsupervised cluster-based analysis. Instead, we propose to configure instrument acquisition to use all available fluorescence detectors and to avoid integration and compensation procedures, thereby using raw spectral or pseudospectral data for improved automated phenotypic analysis.We thank Irene Palacios, Elena Prieto, Mariano Vito´n, and Raquel Nieto for excellent technical assistance and Dr. Salvador Iborra for helpful discussion of dendritic cell studies. Editorial assistance was provided by Simon Bartlett.S

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells characterization and transplantation in an animal model of congenital hydrocephalus

Congenital hydrocephalus is a disorder presenting a degeneration of the periventricular cerebral parenchyma and the white matter, which causes significant mortality and life-long neurological complications. There are currently no effective therapies for congenital hydrocephalus. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) are considered as a potential therapeutic tool in neurodegenerative diseases, due to their ability to migrate to degenerated tissues and the production of growth factors. In the present study, using an animal model of congenital hydrocephalus, the hyh mouse, it has been studied the capacity of the BM-MSC to reach the degenerated regions exhibiting glial reactions and their probable neuroprotector effects. The BM-MSC were isolated from two different sources: a) transgenic mice expressing the monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1); b) wild type mice. In the second case, the BM-MSC were labelled in vitro using bromodeoxyuridine, a fluorescent cell tracker and the lipophilic DiR. Before application, the cells were analysed using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The BM-MSC were injected into the retro-orbital sinus or into the lateral ventricle of hyh mice. After 24/96 hours of administration, the BM-MSC were detected under light, confocal and electron microscopes. The injected BM-MSC reached the degenerated periventricular regions and the disrupted neurogenic niches. They were detected in the periventricular parenchyma, around periventricular blood vessels and in the ventral meninges. Most of the applied BM-MSC expressed the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in the same way as the periventricular reactive astrocytes, suggesting a possible neuroprotector effect.FIS (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)-FEDER a AJJ. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Characterization and administration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an animal model of congenital hydrocephalus

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) are considered as a potential therapeutic tool in neurodegenerative diseases, due to their ability to migrate to degenerated tissues and the production of growth factors. Congenital hydrocephalus is a disorder characterized by a degeneration of the periventricular cerebral parenchyma and the white matter. In the present study, using an animal model of congenital hydrocephalus, the hyh mouse, it has been studied the capacity of the BM-MSC to reach the degenerated regions exhibiting glial reactions and their probable neuroprotector effects. The BM-MSC were isolated from two sources: a) transgenic mice expressing the monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP1); b) wild type mice. In the second case, the BM-MSC were labelled in vitro using bromodeoxyuridine, a fluorescent cell tracker and the lipophilic DiR. Before application, the cells were analysed using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The BM-MSC were injected into the retro-orbital sinus or into the lateral ventricle of hyh mice. After 24/96 hours of administration, they were detected under light, confocal and electron microscopes. The injected BM-MSC reached the degenerated periventricular regions and the disrupted neurogenic niches. They were detected in the periventricular parenchyma, around periventricular blood vessels and in the ventral meninges. Most of the applied BM-MSC expressed the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in the same way as the periventricular reactive astrocytes, suggesting a possible neuroprotector effect.Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, PI12/0631 con cofinanciación FEDER

Combatiendo el abandono: instrumento de autoevaluación de la práctica docente del profesor universitario

La calidad educativa de las universidades no solo se mide por la formación y número de egresados. También es relevante el número de estudiantes que abandonan sus estudios. En los últimos tiempos ha surgido una creciente preocupación institucional por analizar y combatir el abandono en el nivel de Educación Superior. Se presenta un estudio que se encuadra en el esfuerzo que está realizando la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) para la mejora del perfil profesional docente de sus profesores con el objeto de reducir el absentismo y abandono de los estudiantes. En el marco del proyecto transversal ?El índice de permanencia, como criterio de calidad y propuestas para rebajar las tasas de abandono en las Titulaciones de Grado de la UPM? y como continuación de estudios anteriores que concluyeron con la formulación de un decálogo de buenas prácticas docentes, se ofrece un instrumento de auto-evaluación que permite al profesorado conocer su situación respecto del mismo. Hasta la fecha ha sido frecuente abordar el estudio del absentismo desde la perspectiva del estudiante a partir de entrevistas en profundidad o cuestionarios. De ahí que la aportación de este trabajo es que se centra en la figura del profesor, como forma de afrontar la mejora de las tasas de absentismo. La escala recoge diversas dimensiones, a modo de rúbrica, en la que cada profesor ha de indicar cuál refleja mejor su actuación y práctica docente. En concreto, se valoran tres aspectos: 1) actitud personal ante la docencia, que incluye preocupación por su actualización psicopedagógica; 2) metodología didáctica, analizando, entre otros, el desarrollo de la clase, material utilizado, evaluación y realimentación; y, 3) relación con los estudiantes, tanto desde el punto de vista de la empatía como de su acción tutorial. Los resultados ofrecen un informe que promoverá la reflexión acerca de su práctica educativa, ofreciendo orientaciones para su mejora. Aplicado a una muestra incidental del profesorado de la UPM, se presentan los resultados descriptivos obtenidos. Su análisis permitirá realizar una radiografía actualizada de la realidad docente de nuestro profesorado frente a la definida a partir del decálogo. Disponer de una herramienta de esta naturaleza, de carácter voluntario y personal, de fácil acceso, aplicación, sostenible y directa, promoverá en el profesorado que así lo desee una actitud de constante reflexión y mejora de los aspectos que el informe señala

Novel and rapid activation of polyvinylidene fluoride membranes by UV light

[EN] Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have become essential because of their huge applicability to the industry; however, they still present some limitations. This study focuses on the modification of PVDF membrane properties such as hydrophobicity, wettability, and functionality. To obtain a stable grafting, the surface of the membrane is hydroxylated using UV light at 254¿nm, followed by covalent immobilization of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES). The physicochemical and morphological properties of modified and raw PVDF membranes were analyzed by spectroscopy, microscopy, and goniometry. Finally, nucleic acid microarray technology results showed that PVDF and PVDF-VTES membranes had probe immobilization densities of 5 and 11¿pmol/cm2 and hybridization limits of detection of 1 and 5¿nM, respectively.Financial support from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIHOLOG Project CTQ2016-75749-R) and FEDER is acknowledged. P.J.-M. acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness for the public FPI grant (Project CTQ2013-45875-R) and cofinancing by the European Social Fund.Jimenez-Meneses, P.; Bañuls Polo, M.; Puchades, R.; Maquieira Catala, A. (2019). Novel and rapid activation of polyvinylidene fluoride membranes by UV light. Reactive and Functional Polymers. 140:56-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.04.012S566114

Behavioral economics to improve lifestyle choices and to reduce risk factors

Una parte importante de la morbimortalidad se debe a hábitos de vida y factores de riesgo modificables. Una estrategia prometedora para promover el cambio de tales factores pasa por la aplicación de intervenciones de salud pública basadas en la economía del comportamiento, rama del conocimiento que combina principios psicológicos y económicos. Este artículo se centra en un tipo de intervención conocida como nudge (traducida habitualmente como «empujón» o «acicate»), que modifica la conducta sin restringir la capacidad de elección de las personas. Se analizan las diferentes propiedades que caracterizan a los nudges y diversos ámbitos en los que se han aplicado con éxito: vacunación, alimentación, actividad física, cesación tabáquica y prescripción de medicamentos. En conclusión, la economía del comportamiento y los nudges tienen un gran potencial para su aplicación en la esfera de la salud pública en España.A large part of morbimortality is caused by lifestyle habits and modifiable risk factors. A promising strategy to promote the change of such factors is the implementation of public health interventions based on behavioral economics, a discipline that combines psychological and economic principles. In the present article, we focus on a type of intervention known as “nudge” (that has been translated into Spanish as empujón or acicate), that changes behaviour without limiting the individual's choice. We analyze the properties that characterize nudges, and several areas in which they have been successfully implemented: vaccination, nutrition, physical activity, smoking cessation and drug prescription. We conclude that behavioural economics and nudges have great potential for their implementation in the public health sphere in Spain.ECO2016-75439-P Estudios exploratorios para estimar un nuevo conjunto de valores insesgados para el EQ-5D, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Proyecto financiado con fondos FEDER. Convenio de colaboración entre la Universidad de Murcia y la Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias de la Región de Murcia, para la realización de proyectos sobre economía de la salud