Places et agents : les divisions ethnique et sexuelle du travail au Québec de 1931 à 1981

La distribution socio-professionnelle de la population active québécoise s’est transformée au cours du vingtième siècle, comme on peut le constater à l’aide des données des recensements canadiens de 1931 à 1981, offrant une codification des occupations comparable. De même, la composition sexuelle et ethnique de la main-d’oeuvre a considérablement évolué au cours de cette période. Les auteurs analysent la façon dont ces clivages sexuel et ethnique sont mis à contribution, à différents moments, pour assigner des agents aux différentes places dans la division du travail ; il s’agit en particulier de voir comment les groupes dominés définis par ces deux clivages sont utilisés pour remplir les fonctions inférieures dans la hiérarchie des emplois. L’usage de modèles complexes, du type log-linéaire, permet de distinguer d’une part des effets bruts, traduisant la réalité vécue des groupes sexuels et ethniques sur le marché du travail, et d’autre part les effets nets, correspondant aux règles plus ou moins permanentes, mais moins évidentes, régissant l’accès de ces groupes aux divers emplois.The socio-professional distribution of Quebec's total labour force has changed during the twentieth century, as one can observe from the 1931 to 1981 Canadian censuses that provide comparative occupation codes. As well, the sexual and ethnic composition of the labour force has changed substantially during this period. The authors analyse the manner in which these sexual and ethnic cleavages are, at various moments, called upon to assign agents to different places in the division of labour; in particular, it is a matter of seeing how the dominated groups, defined by these two cleavages, are used to fulfill the lower functions of the work hierarchy. The use of complex models of the linear log type, makes it possible to distinguish, on the one hand, crude effects relating the reality experienced by sexual and ethnic groups in the labour force; and on the other hand, the net effects corresponding to the more or less permanent, but less evident, rules which govern these groups' access to the various jobs.La distributión socio-profesional de la población activa de Quebec se ha ido transformando durante el siglo XX. Esto Io atestigua la información recogida en los censos canadienses de 1931 a 1981, que presentan una codificación semejante de la ocupación. Del mismo modo, la composición sexual y étnica de la mano de obra ha cambiado considerablemente en el curso de este período. Los autores analizan la forma en la que estos conjuntos discriminatorios, étnico y sexual, echan mano de agentes, en diferentes mornentos, para ocupar las vacantes diversas dentro de la división del trabajo; especificamente, se trata de enterarse cómo los grupos dominados, definidos por estos dos factores de segregación, son asimilados para cubrir las funciones inferiores dentro de la jerarquía del empleo. La utilización de modelos complejos, tipo logo-lineal, permiten distinguir, por un lado, los efectos brutos, que reflejan la vivencia de los grupos sexuales y étnicos dentro del mercado de trabajo, y por el otro, los efectos netos, que corresponden a las normas más o menos permanentes, pero menos evidentes que regulan el acceso de estos grupos a los diverses empleos

One-Step Introduction of Two Substituents onto 7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one Derivatives via Radical Phenylselanyl-Group Transfer Reactions

Radical-mediated phenylselanyl-group transfer reactions have been used to introduce simultaneously substituents at the C(6)-endo- and C(5)-exo-positions of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one derivatives. The key steps are a radical addition to a silyl ketene acetal and the cyclization of a 1-alkoxy-substituted ester radical

Conceptualizing human resilience in the face of the global epidemiology of cyber attacks

Computer security is a complex global phenomenon where different populations interact, and the infection of one person creates risk for another. Given the dynamics and scope of cyber campaigns, studies of local resilience without reference to global populations are inadequate. In this paper we describe a set of minimal requirements for implementing a global epidemiological infrastructure to understand and respond to large-scale computer security outbreaks. We enumerate the relevant dimensions, the applicable measurement tools, and define a systematic approach to evaluate cyber security resilience. From the experience in conceptualizing and designing a cross-national coordinated phishing resilience evaluation we describe the cultural, logistic, and regulatory challenges to this proposed public health approach to global computer assault resilience. We conclude that mechanisms for systematic evaluations of global attacks and the resilience against those attacks exist. Coordinated global science is needed to address organised global ecrime

An Efficient Numerical Technique to Predict Phase Responses of Reconfigurable Reflectarray Cells with Mutual Coupling

International audienceThis paper presents a numerical technique to predict realistic phase responses of active cells within a reflectarray. The phase responses of an active cell are determined as a function of the states of the neighboring cells. The phase probability distributions are computed and realistic phase responses are then evaluated. A synthesis application is presented in order to highlight the interest of the realistic phase responses

Global technique analysis for reconfigurable reflectarray antennas

International audienceThis paper focuses on the simulation of reconfigurable reflectarrays. A new method combining the 'surrounded-cell' approach and the compression method is presented. The method considers the real environment of the radiated elements and it only requires one lightweight electromagnetic simulation for the whole reflectarray

Sensory-motor deficits and neurofilament disorganization in gigaxonin-null mice

International audienceABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with early onset characterized by a severe deterioration of the peripheral and central nervous system, involving both the motor and sensory tracts and leading to ataxia, speech defect and intellectual disabilities. The broad deterioration of the nervous system is accompanied by a generalized disorganization of the intermediate filaments, including neurofilaments in neurons, but the implication of this defect in disease onset or progression remains unknown. The identification of gigaxonin, the substrate adaptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as the defective protein in GAN allows us to now investigate the crucial role of the gigaxonin-E3 ligase in sustaining neuronal and intermediate filament integrity. To study the mechanisms controlled by gigaxonin in these processes and to provide a relevant model to test the therapeutic approaches under development for GAN, we generated a Gigaxonin-null mouse by gene targeting. RESULTS: We investigated for the first time in Gigaxonin-null mice the deterioration of the motor and sensory functions over time as well as the spatial disorganization of neurofilaments. We showed that gigaxonin depletion in mice induces mild but persistent motor deficits starting at 60 weeks of age in the 129/SvJ-genetic background, while sensory deficits were demonstrated in C57BL/6 animals. In our hands, another gigaxonin-null mouse did not display the early and severe motor deficits reported previously. No apparent neurodegeneration was observed in our knock-out mice, but dysregulation of neurofilaments in proximal and distal axons was massive. Indeed, neurofilaments were not only more abundant but they also showed the abnormal increase in diameter and misorientation that are characteristics of the human pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results show that gigaxonin depletion in mice induces mild motor and sensory deficits but recapitulates the severe neurofilament dysregulation seen in patients. Our model will allow investigation of the role of the gigaxonin-E3 ligase in organizing neurofilaments and may prove useful in understanding the pathological processes engaged in other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of neurofilaments and dysfunction of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington's, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

e-Flooding: Crisis Management through Two Temporal Loops

Floods, particularly fast ones, are recurrent natural disasters with a large impact on people and infrastructures. In order to mitigate their impact most countries created regulatory frameworks to coordinate the large number of actors participating to the response of these crises. Several levels from rescue to infrastructure restoration are involved. This article proposes to improve the management of risk and resilience in areas subject to flash floods. The innovative autonomic approach presented in this article is twofold: A short-term feedback loop using a large range of information to help managing the current flood; A long-term feedback loop aiming at improving the resilience of the area to reduce the impact of future crises. The originality of these two loops consists in their link which helps improving the quality of both by feeding each other. This article also describes a scenario showing several benefits of the proposed approach