Higher education systems and industrial innovation: Final report of contract n° SOE 1-1054 - Project n° 1297 funded under the Targeted Socio-economic research (TSER) Programme-directorate general Science, Research and Development - Directorate F European Commission

Co-ordinator of project SESI : Eric Verdier - LEST (France). Partners : Alice Lam - CBS (United Kingdom) ; Christoph Buechtemann – CRIS (Germany) ; Helena Lopes - DINAMIA (Portugal) ; Lorenz Lassnigg - IHS (Austria) ; Jean-Michel Plassard - LIRHE (France)356 p.The objective of the research was to gather empirical evidence about efficient ways of organising the linkages and interfaces between higher education institutions (including research units) and private sector firms in order to spur industrial innovation. One of the project's principal aims was to combine two dimensions which are often considered separately : firstly, the construction of the competences and the professionalities of the actors involved in innovation, and, secondly, transfers of knowledge from higher education to firms and vice versa. Five European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Portugal, UK) were selected in order to provide, at least by way of an initial hypothesis, national systems that were sufficiently disparate from the point of view of the resources "offered" to companies, be it in terms of institutions, organisations or actors. It was essential to include the United States. Indeed, the relations between higher education and companies which have evolved in that country are undoubtedly an international point of reference Three sectors were chosen in each country as being representative of the new challenges emerging for the relationship between higher education and industry in key sectors where generic technologies are tending to develop, albeit in different ways. The investigations within more than 40 firms form the empirical basis of this project. The main results could be summarized as follows :1.The type of skills and competence profiles required of R&D workers are now more demanding in multiple dimensions, particularly in the combination of technical disciplinary expertise with a broad range of business, management and social skills. Emerging evidence suggests that firms are developing 'extended internal labour markets' (EILMs ) through closer links with key universities. The social networks embedded in such EILMs facilitate training and rapid transmission of evolving (uncodified) knowledge. 2. The sample of multinational firms we have selected enables us to take stock of the moves towards industrial rationalization taken by firms seeking to develop their technological globalization strategies by exploiting a diversity of cognitive resources. Preparation for the recruitment and integration of young graduates play crucial roles in the absorption of knowledge. 3. We found six coherent types of science industry relations that we describe precisely. These results further confirm the criticality of research agendas compatibility, favouring two different ways of collaborating associating an industrial partner and an academic one. 4. The analysis identifies four main types of intermediate actors : those actors who are the medium for an economic relationship between the firm and the HERS; the "gatekeepers", who work for a firm or a HERS ; the hybrid actors have been through the process of aligning the practices, rules and values of their "home" system (industry or academia) with those of their partner ; those who are involved in the trilateral network but are independent or on the road to being independent of the partners. 5. Labour-market entry of graduates is one of the factors which allows us to introduce all the signalling/human capital/network problematics and relate it to the emergence of an new form of labour market which combines the mechanisms of the internal and external markets. In spite of this diversity of practices, however, we maintain the hypothesis that it is possible to identify dominant forms of these relations which differ from one country to another. 6. Nevertheless the report insists on the increasing human capital mobility in high tech sectors and supply some evidence of an emerging European innovation systems. 7. Considering a US-Germany comparison, we infer that in IPR matters, German public research institutes – representative of the European continental situation - are facing a dilemma: they need to provide more pre-development type services for industry, involving stricter IPR claims from corporate partners and they also need to retain IPR in core areas of expertise in order to prevent a "bleeding out" and remain a partner for industry in the future.Finally the report provides different policy formulations and recommendations. We underline that for firms, the main objective is to resolve the problems posed by the transition from knowledge to competences. With an OLM of PhD level, the firms, especially very small ones, enable to have easier access to a suitably trained workforce. By promoting the circulation of knowledge, these markets help to reduce the previous conceptual gaps and to promote the creation of greater absorptive capacities at firms, as well as sustaining the spirit of mutual trust and reciprocity in which these networks were founded.At the national level, the lessons learned by public policy makers will be dealt with them in the generalfollowing order :- The United Kingdom, where the policies and regulations are typically market oriented is undergoing a process of specialization.- In France and Germany, where the relations between Science and Industry are facing fairly similar challenges, the scenario tends to alternated between radical change and a process of accommodation.- Austria and Portugal, which have rather different technological and industrial structures, but are both facing the special challenge of adapting the small scale national systems of innovation to the European Union and world-wide competition in general

Higher education systems and industrial innovation: Final report of contract n° SOE 1-1054 - Project n° 1297 funded under the Targeted Socio-economic research (TSER) Programme-directorate general Science, Research and Development - Directorate F European Commission

Co-ordinator of project SESI : Eric Verdier - LEST (France). Partners : Alice Lam - CBS (United Kingdom) ; Christoph Buechtemann – CRIS (Germany) ; Helena Lopes - DINAMIA (Portugal) ; Lorenz Lassnigg - IHS (Austria) ; Jean-Michel Plassard - LIRHE (France)356 p.The objective of the research was to gather empirical evidence about efficient ways of organising the linkages and interfaces between higher education institutions (including research units) and private sector firms in order to spur industrial innovation. One of the project's principal aims was to combine two dimensions which are often considered separately : firstly, the construction of the competences and the professionalities of the actors involved in innovation, and, secondly, transfers of knowledge from higher education to firms and vice versa. Five European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Portugal, UK) were selected in order to provide, at least by way of an initial hypothesis, national systems that were sufficiently disparate from the point of view of the resources "offered" to companies, be it in terms of institutions, organisations or actors. It was essential to include the United States. Indeed, the relations between higher education and companies which have evolved in that country are undoubtedly an international point of reference Three sectors were chosen in each country as being representative of the new challenges emerging for the relationship between higher education and industry in key sectors where generic technologies are tending to develop, albeit in different ways. The investigations within more than 40 firms form the empirical basis of this project. The main results could be summarized as follows :1.The type of skills and competence profiles required of R&D workers are now more demanding in multiple dimensions, particularly in the combination of technical disciplinary expertise with a broad range of business, management and social skills. Emerging evidence suggests that firms are developing 'extended internal labour markets' (EILMs ) through closer links with key universities. The social networks embedded in such EILMs facilitate training and rapid transmission of evolving (uncodified) knowledge. 2. The sample of multinational firms we have selected enables us to take stock of the moves towards industrial rationalization taken by firms seeking to develop their technological globalization strategies by exploiting a diversity of cognitive resources. Preparation for the recruitment and integration of young graduates play crucial roles in the absorption of knowledge. 3. We found six coherent types of science industry relations that we describe precisely. These results further confirm the criticality of research agendas compatibility, favouring two different ways of collaborating associating an industrial partner and an academic one. 4. The analysis identifies four main types of intermediate actors : those actors who are the medium for an economic relationship between the firm and the HERS; the "gatekeepers", who work for a firm or a HERS ; the hybrid actors have been through the process of aligning the practices, rules and values of their "home" system (industry or academia) with those of their partner ; those who are involved in the trilateral network but are independent or on the road to being independent of the partners. 5. Labour-market entry of graduates is one of the factors which allows us to introduce all the signalling/human capital/network problematics and relate it to the emergence of an new form of labour market which combines the mechanisms of the internal and external markets. In spite of this diversity of practices, however, we maintain the hypothesis that it is possible to identify dominant forms of these relations which differ from one country to another. 6. Nevertheless the report insists on the increasing human capital mobility in high tech sectors and supply some evidence of an emerging European innovation systems. 7. Considering a US-Germany comparison, we infer that in IPR matters, German public research institutes – representative of the European continental situation - are facing a dilemma: they need to provide more pre-development type services for industry, involving stricter IPR claims from corporate partners and they also need to retain IPR in core areas of expertise in order to prevent a "bleeding out" and remain a partner for industry in the future.Finally the report provides different policy formulations and recommendations. We underline that for firms, the main objective is to resolve the problems posed by the transition from knowledge to competences. With an OLM of PhD level, the firms, especially very small ones, enable to have easier access to a suitably trained workforce. By promoting the circulation of knowledge, these markets help to reduce the previous conceptual gaps and to promote the creation of greater absorptive capacities at firms, as well as sustaining the spirit of mutual trust and reciprocity in which these networks were founded.At the national level, the lessons learned by public policy makers will be dealt with them in the generalfollowing order :- The United Kingdom, where the policies and regulations are typically market oriented is undergoing a process of specialization.- In France and Germany, where the relations between Science and Industry are facing fairly similar challenges, the scenario tends to alternated between radical change and a process of accommodation.- Austria and Portugal, which have rather different technological and industrial structures, but are both facing the special challenge of adapting the small scale national systems of innovation to the European Union and world-wide competition in general

Higher education systems and industrial innovation : January 1998 to 31 May 2001

Co-ordinator of project SESI : Eric Verdier - LEST (France). Partners : Alice Lam - CBS (United Kingdom) ; Christoph Buechtemann – CRIS (Germany) ; Helena Lopes - DINAMIA (Portugal) ; Lorenz Lassnigg - IHS (Austria) ; Jean-Michel Plassard - LIRHE (France)132 p.The objective of the research was to gather empirical evidence about efficient ways of organising the linkages and interfaces between higher education institutions (including research units) and private sector firms in order to spur industrial innovation. One of the project's principal aims was to combine two dimensions which are often considered separately : firstly, the construction of the competences and the professionalities of the actors involved in innovation, and, secondly, transfers of knowledge from higher education to firms and vice versa. Five European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Portugal, UK) were selected in order to provide, at least by way of an initial hypothesis, national systems that were sufficiently disparate from the point of view of the resources "offered" to companies, be it in terms of institutions, organisations or actors. It was essential to include the United States. Indeed, the relations between higher education and companies which have evolved in that country are undoubtedly an international point of reference Three sectors were chosen in each country as being representative of the new challenges emerging for the relationship between higher education and industry in key sectors where generic technologies are tending to develop, albeit in different ways. The investigations within more than 40 firms form the empirical basis of this project. The main results could be summarized as follows :1.The type of skills and competence profiles required of R&D workers are now more demanding in multiple dimensions, particularly in the combination of technical disciplinary expertise with a broad range of business, management and social skills. Emerging evidence suggests that firms are developing 'extended internal labour markets' (EILMs ) through closer links with key universities. The social networks embedded in such EILMs facilitate training and rapid transmission of evolving (uncodified) knowledge. 2. The sample of multinational firms we have selected enables us to take stock of the moves towards industrial rationalization taken by firms seeking to develop their technological globalization strategies by exploiting a diversity of cognitive resources. Preparation for the recruitment and integration of young graduates play crucial roles in the absorption of knowledge. 3. We found six coherent types of science industry relations that we describe precisely. These results further confirm the criticality of research agendas compatibility, favouring two different ways of collaborating associating an industrial partner and an academic one. 4. The analysis identifies four main types of intermediate actors : those actors who are the medium for an economic relationship between the firm and the HERS; the "gatekeepers", who work for a firm or a HERS ; the hybrid actors have been through the process of aligning the practices, rules and values of their "home" system (industry or academia) with those of their partner ; those who are involved in the trilateral network but are independent or on the road to being independent of the partners. 5. Labour-market entry of graduates is one of the factors which allows us to introduce all the signalling/human capital/network problematics and relate it to the emergence of an new form of labour market which combines the mechanisms of the internal and external markets. In spite of this diversity of practices, however, we maintain the hypothesis that it is possible to identify dominant forms of these relations which differ from one country to another. 6. Nevertheless the report insists on the increasing human capital mobility in high tech sectors and supply some evidence of an emerging European innovation systems. 7. Considering a US-Germany comparison, we infer that in IPR matters, German public research institutes – representative of the European continental situation - are facing a dilemma: they need to provide more pre-development type services for industry, involving stricter IPR claims from corporate partners and they also need to retain IPR in core areas of expertise in order to prevent a "bleeding out" and remain a partner for industry in the future.Finally the report provides different policy formulations and recommendations. We underline that for firms, the main objective is to resolve the problems posed by the transition from knowledge to competences. With an OLM of PhD level, the firms, especially very small ones, enable to have easier access to a suitably trained workforce. By promoting the circulation of knowledge, these markets help to reduce the previous conceptual gaps and to promote the creation of greater absorptive capacities at firms, as well as sustaining the spirit of mutual trust and reciprocity in which these networks were founded.At the national level, the lessons learned by public policy makers will be dealt with them in the generalfollowing order :- The United Kingdom, where the policies and regulations are typically market oriented is undergoing a process of specialization.- In France and Germany, where the relations between Science and Industry are facing fairly similar challenges, the scenario tends to alternated between radical change and a process of accommodation.- Austria and Portugal, which have rather different technological and industrial structures, but are both facing the special challenge of adapting the small scale national systems of innovation to the European Union and world-wide competition in general

Design of a duplicated fault-detecting AES chip and yet using clock set-up time violations to extract 13 out of 16 bytes of the secret key

International audienceThe secret keys manipulated by cryptographic circuits can be extracted using fault injections associated with differential cryptanalysis techniques [1]. Such faults can be induced by different means such as lasers, voltage glitches, electromagnetic perturbations or clock skews. Several counter-measures have been proposed such as random delay insertions, circuit duplications or error correcting codes. In this paper, we focus on an AES chip in which the circuit duplication principle has been implemented to detect fault injection. We show that faults based on clock set-up time violations can nevertheless be used to defeat the implemented counter-measure

Discovering novelty in sequential patterns: application for analysis of microarray data on Alzheimer disease

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SYNERGIEInternational audienceAnalyzing microarrays data is still a great challenge since existing methods produce huge amounts of useless results. We propose a new method called NoDisco for discovering novelties in gene sequences obtained by applying data-mining techniques to microarray data. Method: We identify popular genes, which are often cited in the literature, and innovative genes, which are linked to the popular genes in the sequences but are not mentioned in the literature. We also identify popular and innovative sequences containing these genes. Biologists can thus select interesting sequences from the two sets and obtain the k-best documents. Results: We show the efficiency of this method by applying it on real data used to decipher the mechanisms underlying Alzheimer disease. Conclusion: The first selection of sequences based on popularity and innovation help experts focus on relevant sequences while the top-k documents help them understand the sequences

Lessons from the analysis of nonhuman primates for understanding human aging and neurodegenerative diseases

Animal models are necessary tools for solving the most serious challenges facing medical research. In aging and neurodegenerative disease studies, rodents occupy a place of choice. However, the most challenging questions about longevity, the complexity and functioning of brain networks or social intelligence can almost only be investigated in nonhuman primates. Beside the fact that their brain structure is much closer to that of humans, they develop highly complex cognitive strategies and they are visually-oriented like humans. For these reasons, they deserve consideration, although their management and care are more complicated and the related costs much higher. Despite these caveats, considerable scientific advances have been possible using nonhuman primates. This review concisely summarizes their role in the study of aging and of the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative disorders associated mainly with cognitive dysfunctions (Alzheimer’s and prion diseases) or motor deficits (Parkinson’s and related diseases)

Dynamic simulation of the THAI heavy oil recovery process

Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI) is a variant of conventional In-Situ Combustion (ISC) that uses a horizontal production well to recover mobilised partially upgraded heavy oil. It has a number of advantages over other heavy oil recovery techniques such as high recovery potential. However, existing models are unable to predict the effect of the most important operational parameters, such as fuel availability and produced oxygen concentration, which will give rise to unsafe designs. Therefore, we have developed a new model that accurately predicts dynamic conditions in the reservoir and also is easily scalable to investigate different field scenarios. The model used a three component direct conversion cracking kinetics scheme, which does not depend on the stoichiometry of the products and, thus, reduces the extent of uncertainty in the simulation results as the number of unknowns is reduced. The oil production rate and cumulative oil produced were well predicted, with the latter deviating from the experimental value by only 4%. The improved ability of the model to emulate real process dynamics meant it also accurately predicted when the oxygen was first produced, thereby enabling a more accurate assessment to be made of when it would be safe to shut-in the process, prior to oxygen breakthrough occurring. The increasing trend in produced oxygen concentration following a step change in the injected oxygen rate by 33 % was closely replicated by the model. The new simulations have now elucidated the mechanism of oxygen production during the later stages of the experiment. The model has allowed limits to be placed on the air injection rates that ensure stability of operation. Unlike previous models, the new simulations have provided better quantitative prediction of fuel laydown, which is a key phenomenon that determines whether, or not, successful operation of the THAI process can be achieved. The new model has also shown that, for completely stable operation, the combustion zone must be restricted to the upper portion of the sand pack, which can be achieved by using higher producer back pressure

Association of Long-Term Diet Quality with Hippocampal Volume : Longitudinal Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: Diet quality is associated with brain aging outcomes. However, few studies have explored in humans the brain structures potentially affected by long-term diet quality. We examined whether cumulative average of the Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010) score during adult life (an 11-year exposure period) is associated with hippocampal volume. METHODS: Analyses were based on data from 459 participants of the Whitehall II imaging sub-study (mean age [standard deviation] (SD) = 59.6 [5.3] years in 2002-2004, 19.2% women). Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging examination was performed at the end of follow-up (2015-2016). Structural images were acquired using a high-resolution 3-dimensional T1-weighted sequence and processed with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Software Library (FSL) tools. An automated model-based segmentation and registration tool was applied to extract hippocampal volumes. RESULTS: Higher AHEI-2010 cumulative average score (reflecting long-term healthy diet quality) was associated with a larger total hippocampal volume. For each 1 SD (SD = 8.7 points) increment in AHEI-2010 score, an increase of 92.5 mm(3) (standard error = 42.0 mm(3)) in total hippocampal volume was observed. This association was independent of sociodemographic factors, smoking habits, physical activity, cardiometabolic health factors, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms, and was more pronounced in the left hippocampus than in the right hippocampus. Of the AHEI-2010 components, no or light alcohol consumption was independently associated with larger hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS: Higher long-term AHEI-2010 scores were associated with larger hippocampal volume. Accounting for the importance of hippocampal structures in several neuropsychiatric diseases, our findings reaffirm the need to consider adherence to healthy dietary recommendation in multi-interventional programs to promote healthy brain aging. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.Peer reviewe

Combining Gene Transfer and Nonhuman Primates to Better Understand and Treat Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive CNS disorder that is primarily associated with impaired movement. PD develops over decades and is linked to the gradual loss of dopamine delivery to the striatum, via the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). While the administration of L-dopa and deep brain stimulation are potent therapies, their costs, side effects and gradual loss of efficacy underlines the need to develop other approaches. Unfortunately, the lack of pertinent animal models that reproduce DA neuron loss and behavior deficits-in a timeline that mimics PD progression-has hindered the identification of alternative therapies. A complementary approach to transgenic animals is the use of nonhuman primates (NHPs) combined with the overexpression of disease-related genes using viral vectors. This approach may induce phenotypes that are not influenced by developmental compensation mechanisms, and that take into account the personality of animals. In this review article, we discuss the combination of gene transfer and NHPs to develop "genetic" models of PD that are suitable for testing therapeutic approaches

Exogenous LRRK2G2019S induces parkinsonian-like pathology in a nonhuman primate

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. To understand pathogenesis and to test therapies, animal models that faithfully reproduce key pathological PD hallmarks are needed. As a prelude to developing a model of PD, we tested the tropism, efficacy, biodistribution, and transcriptional impact of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vectors in the brain of Microcebus murinus, a nonhuman primate that naturally develops neurodegenerative lesions. We show that introducing helper-dependent (HD) CAV-2 vectors results in long-term, neuron-specific expression at the injection site and in afferent nuclei. Although HD CAV-2 vector injection induced a modest transcriptional response, no significant adaptive immune response was generated. We then generated and tested HD CAV-2 vectors expressing LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) and LRRK2 carrying a G2019S mutation (LRRK2G2019S), which is linked to sporadic and familial autosomal dominant forms of PD. We show that HD-LRRK2G2019S expression induced parkinsonian-like motor symptoms and histological features in less than 4 months