Economía del comportamiento y ayudas públicas del Estado: ¿Por qué los iraníes se negaron a renunciar al recibo del subsidio gubernamental? (Un juego múltiple del dilema del prisionero)

This article uses the game theory, more specifically multiple prisoner’s dilemma game, to analyze why Iranians refused to give up on receiving public subsidies in April 2014, in spite of frequent requests of the government. Sample of study consists of two main groups: the ones who were not dependent on government subsidy but were applying for it; and the ones who did not depend either but had fraudulently pretended to depend on government subsidy. some suggestions are presented such as to define chicken game and not prisoner’s dilemma game as the main game.Este artículo utiliza la teoría de juegos, más específicamente el juego múltiple del dilema del prisionero, para analizar por qué los iraníes se negaron a renunciar a recibir subsidios públicos en abril de 2014, a pesar de las frecuentes solicitudes del gobierno. La muestra de estudio consta de dos grupos principales: los que no dependían del subsidio del gobierno, pero que lo solicitaban; y los que tampoco dependían, pero habían fingido fraudulentamente depender del subsidio del gobierno. Se presentan algunas sugerencias, tales como definir el juego de la gallina y no el juego del dilema del prisionero como juego principal

A Cross-disciplinary Study of Hedging Expressions in English Articles of Iranian Writers

Research on the use of hedging strategies as one of the key issues of rhetorical organization of academic texts has gained growing attention during the past few decades. The present study aimed to explore the frequency and form of hedging expressions in the abstracts of Iranian writers’ English research articles where findings and claims were more explicitly projected. To this end, a random sample of 200 abstracts (50 each) was drawn equally from the four subfields of chemistry and mathematics, and philosophy and English randomly selected from the two academic fields of Soft Sciences and Hard Sciences respectively as suggested in Biglan’s (1973) typology of academic disciplines. The tally and analysis of the tokens of the hedge expressions indicated that the abstracts from the soft sciences differed from those from the hard sciences in terms of both frequency and form. The results revealed that the writers from the soft sciences tended to employ more hedge expressions than hard sciences writers. More specifically, whereas soft sciences writers utilized more modals, verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, their counterparts opted for more conditional expressions. Moreover, epistemic and cognition verbs were found to be the most frequently used hedging expressions in both sciences. This study discusses the research and pedagogical implications of the findings in the context of Iranian academia

The Impact of Electronic Advertising on the Cereal Importers' Decision to Buy

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electronic advertising on the cereal importers' decision to buy. The present research is a causal descriptive-survey study and an applied study regarding the purpose. The statistical population of the present study is comprised of cereals importers in the first six months of the year 2016, which consist of 202 companies. Sample size was obtained through Cochran formula as 132, and then the questionnaire is distributed through random and classical sampling. The data was collected using two questionnaires: the pre-designed questionnaires was for evaluating electronic advertisement including 4 components and 20 questions, and a researcher-made questionnaire based on Philip Cutler's purchase decision theory to assess purchasing decision and consisted of 4 components, with 47 items. Both of the questionnaires were based on the five-degree Likert spectrum and their reliability was measured using the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. The data collected through the questionnaire was entered into the spss19 software system. For the inferential statistics of variables to statistically analyze the data, different statistical tests including Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation test and linear regression were used. The results of the research indicated that electronic advertising has a positive and significant effect on the decision making of cereal importers' purchase. Also, the dimensions of electronic advertising including banner, e-mail, web site, and search engines have a positive and significant effect on shoppers' e-shopping decision. Keywords: electronic advertising, banner, e-mail, web site, search engine

Immunologic Corneal Graft Rejection after Administration of Topical Latanoprost: a Report of Two Patients

Purpose: To report endothelial corneal graft rejection after administration of topical latanoprost eye drops. Case Report: Two eyes of two patients with a history of multiple intraocular procedures prior to penetrating keratoplasty developed endothelial graft rejection one month after administration of topical latanoprost. Cystoid macular edema developed simultaneously in one patient. Conclusion: Latanoprost may trigger endothelial graft rejection in susceptible eyes

Diffuse Hepatic and Spleen Uptake of Tc-99m MDP on Bone Scintigraphy Resembling Liver-Spleen Scintigraphy in a Patient of Plasma Cell Tumor

The present case demonstrates a diffuse intense hepatic and, to a lesser degree, spleen, Tc-99m MDP uptake on a routine bone scintigraphy resembling liver-spleen imaging.A49-year-old female with a history of anaplastic plasma cell tumor and suffering from bone pain was referred for bone scintigraphy to evaluate possible bone metastases.The bone scintigraphy showed diffuse hepatic and spleen uptake of Tc-99m MDP resembling liver-spleen imaging. Furthermore, bone uptake of Tc-99m MDP was significantly diminished and there were no abnormal foci throughout the skeleton. The bone scintigraphy of the present case of an anaplastic plasma cell tumor suggests the possible presence of amyloidosis

Efectos de las formaciones geológicas y la topografía sobre la evolución y diversidad de los suelos

Different soils with various properties and sometimes with different types of limitations can be formed which is necessary to investigate the conditions of soil formation and evolution for their optimal use. In this study, we studied the relationship between soil, topography in terms of slope and elevation, and parent material with the land morphology and physical and chemical properties of soil, how the soil formed and evolved. From 19 control soil profiles, 57 soil samples were obtained from three layers and some soil characteristics including Acidity, Salinity, Gypsum, Lime, Texture and Organic matter were measured. Using NEWHALL software, the soil temperature and moisture regime was determined. To study the conditions of topography, the digital elevation map and slope was prepared, the characteristics of geological formations were determined and based on the Gower index and Jacquard index, the relationship between soil evolution factors with topography and parent materials were studied. The diversity of soils classification was studied using richness, uniformity of Shannon and Simpson indices. Based on the results obtained from Gower and jacquard similarity indices, the effect of topography and parent materials on soil diversity was proved. Soil diversity indices showed an increasing trend from the soil order level to the soil family. The increase in the Richness index was higher at the soil family level, so that the highest soil diversity observed at the soil family level. Also, soil diversity is mainly affected by intrinsic factors and to some extent by environmental factors. Soil profile development is mostly influenced by slope, parent materials and in some areas by groundwater level.Se pueden formar diferentes suelos con varias propiedades y en ocasiones con diferentes tipos de limitaciones lo que es necesario para investigar las condiciones de formación y evolución del suelo para su óptimo aprovechamiento. En este estudio, estudiamos la relación entre el suelo, la topografía en términos de pendiente y elevación y el material parental con la morfología de la tierra y las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, cómo se formó y evolucionó el suelo. A partir de 19 perfiles de suelo de control, se obtuvieron 57 muestras de suelo de tres capas y se midieron algunas características del suelo que incluyen acidez, salinidad, yeso, cal, textura y materia orgánica. Usando el software NEWHALL, se determinó el régimen de temperatura y humedad del suelo. Para estudiar las condiciones de topografía se elaboró ​​el mapa digital de elevación y pendiente, se determinaron las características de las formaciones geológicas y con base en el índice de Gower y el índice de Jacquard se estudió la relación entre los factores de evolución del suelo con la topografía y los materiales parentales. La clasificación de la diversidad de suelos se estudió utilizando la riqueza, uniformidad de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Con base en los resultados obtenidos de los índices de similitud de Gower y Jacquard, se demostró el efecto de la topografía y los materiales parentales sobre la diversidad del suelo. Los índices de diversidad de suelos mostraron una tendencia creciente desde el nivel del orden del suelo hasta la familia del suelo. El aumento en el índice de riqueza fue mayor a nivel de familia de suelos, por lo que la mayor diversidad de suelos se observó a nivel de familia de suelos. Además, la diversidad del suelo se ve afectada principalmente por factores intrínsecos y, en cierta medida, por factores ambientales. El desarrollo del perfil del suelo está influenciado principalmente por la pendiente, los materiales parentales y en algunas áreas por el nivel del agua subterránea

Efectos de las formaciones geológicas y la topografía sobre la evolución y diversidad de los suelos

Se pueden formar diferentes suelos con varias propiedades y en ocasiones con diferentes tipos de limitaciones lo que es necesario para investigar las condiciones de formación y evolución del suelo para su óptimo aprovechamiento. En este estudio, estudiamos la relación entre el suelo, la topografía en términos de pendiente y elevación y el material parental con la morfología de la tierra y las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, cómo se formó y evolucionó el suelo. A partir de 19 perfiles de suelo de control, se obtuvieron 57 muestras de suelo de tres capas y se midieron algunas características del suelo que incluyen acidez, salinidad, yeso, cal, textura y materia orgánica. Usando el software NEWHALL, se determinó el régimen de temperatura y humedad del suelo. Para estudiar las condiciones de topografía se elaboró ​​el mapa digital de elevación y pendiente, se determinaron las características de las formaciones geológicas y con base en el índice de Gower y el índice de Jacquard se estudió la relación entre los factores de evolución del suelo con la topografía y los materiales parentales. La clasificación de la diversidad de suelos se estudió utilizando la riqueza, uniformidad de los índices de Shannon y Simpson. Con base en los resultados obtenidos de los índices de similitud de Gower y Jacquard, se demostró el efecto de la topografía y los materiales parentales sobre la diversidad del suelo. Los índices de diversidad de suelos mostraron una tendencia creciente desde el nivel del orden del suelo hasta la familia del suelo. El aumento en el índice de riqueza fue mayor a nivel de familia de suelos, por lo que la mayor diversidad de suelos se observó a nivel de familia de suelos. Además, la diversidad del suelo se ve afectada principalmente por factores intrínsecos y, en cierta medida, por factores ambientales. El desarrollo del perfil del suelo está influenciado principalmente por la pendiente, los materiales parentales y en algunas áreas por el nivel del agua subterránea

Feasible Relation between Glutathione Peroxidase and Febrile Seizure

How to Cite This Article: Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Dalirani R, Mohammad Hoseini B, Sarookhani MR, Javadi A, Esmaeily Sh. Feasible Relation between Glutathione Peroxidase and Febrile Seizure. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2017; 11(1):65-69.AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to determine the relationship between serum glutathione peroxidase and febrile seizure.Materials & MethodsIn this case-control study, 43 children with simple febrile seizure (case group) were compared with 43 febrile children without seizure (control group) in terms of serum glutathione peroxidase level, measured by ELISA method. This study was conducted in Qazvin Children Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in Qazvin, Iran in 2012-2013. The results were analyzed and compared in two groups.ResultsFrom 43 children 24 (53%) were male and 19 (47%) were female in children with simple febrile seizure, and 26 (60%) were male and 17 (40%) were female in febrile children without seizure (control group) (P=0.827). Serum glutathione peroxidase level was 166 U/ml (SD=107) in the case group and 141 U/ml (SD=90.5) in the control group of no significant difference.ConclusionThere was no significant relationship between serum glutathione peroxidase and simple febrile seizure. Thus, it seems that glutathione peroxidase, an essential component of antioxidant system, does not play any role in the pathogenesis of simple febrile seizure.References1. Duffner PK, Baumann RJ, Berman P, Green JL, Schneider S, Hodgson ES, etal. Febrile seizures: clinical practice guideline for the long-term management of the child with simple febrile seizures. Pediatrics 2008 ;121:1281-6.Midline doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0939.2.Shinnar S. Febrile seizures. In: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S,Ferriero DM. Pediatric neurology: principles and practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2006:1079-86.3. Mikati M A. Febrile seizures.In: Kliegman RM, Stanton B F, GemeIII J WS, Schor NF , Behrman RE. Nelson textbook of pediatrics.19th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2011:2017-19. 4. Hara K, Tanabe T, Aomatsu T, Inoue N, Tamaki H, Okamoto N ,etal. Febrile seizures associated with influenza A. Brain and Development 2007;29: 30-38.5. Sugai K.Current management of febrile seizures in Japan: An overview . Brain and Development 2010; 32: 64-7. Midline doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.09.019.6. Camfield P, Camfield C, Kurlemann G. Febrile seizures, epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. 3th ed. London: John Libbey & Co Ltd,2002:145–52.7. Sapir D, Leitner Y, Harel S, Kraumer U. Unprovoked seizures after complex febrile convulsions. Brain Dev 2000; 22:484–6.8. Kumari PL, Nair MK, Nair SM, Kailas L, Geetha S. Iron deficiency as a risk factor for simple febrile seizures--a case control study. Indian Pediatr 2012; 49:17-9.9. Tutuncuoglu S, Kutukculer N, Kepe L, Coker C, Berdeli A, Tekgul H. Proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins and zinc in febrile convulsions. Pediatr Int 2001;43:235-9.10. Ashrafi MR, Shams S, Nouri M, Mohseni M, Shabanian R, Yekaninejad MS, etal. A probable causative factor for an old problem: selenium and glutathione peroxidase appear to play important roles in epilepsy pathogenesis. Epilepsia 2007 ;48:1750-5.11. Willmore IJ, Rubin JJ. Antiperoxidant pretreatment and iron-induced epileptiform discharges in the rat: EEG and histopathologic studies. Neurology1981; 31:63–69. 12.Irshad M, Chaudhuri PS. Oxidant-antioxidant system: role and significance in human body. Indian J Exp Biol 2002 ;40:1233-9.13.Rayman MP.The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000;356:233-41.14.Patel M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: cause and consequence of epileptic seizures. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2004;37:1951–1962.15.Li-Ping L, Patel M. Seizure induced changes in mitochondrial redox status. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2006;40:316–322.16. Weber GF, Maertens P, Meng XZ, Pippenger CE. Glutathione peroxidase deficiency and childhood seizures. Lancet 1991 15; 337:1443-4.17. Sudha K, Rao AV, Rao A. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in epilepsy. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 303:19-24.18. Verrotti A, Basciani F, Trotta D, Pomilio MP, Morgese G, Chiarelli F.Serum Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Glutathione peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase levels in epileptic children before and after 1 year of sodium valproate and carbamazepine therapy. Epilepsy Res 2002;48:71-5.19. Ben-Menachem E. Kyllerman M, Marklund S. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase function in progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Epilepsy Res 2000;40:33-9.20. Turkdogan D, Toplan S, Karakoc Y. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in childhood epilepsy. J Child Neurol 2002; 17:673-6. 21.Naziroglu M, Kutluhan S, Yilmaz M. Selenium and topiramate modulates brain microsomal oxidative stress values, Ca2+-ATPase activity, and EEG records in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats. 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Toward a More Accurate Web Service Selection Using Modified Interval DEA Models with Undesirable Outputs

With the growing number of Web services on the internet, there is a challenge to select the best Web service which can offer more quality-of-service (QoS) values at the lowest price. Another challenge is the uncertainty of QoS values over time due to the unpredictable nature of the internet. In this paper, we modify the interval data envelopment analysis (DEA) models [Wang, Greatbanks and Yang (2005)] for QoS-aware Web service selection considering the uncertainty of QoS attributes in the presence of desirable and undesirable factors. We conduct a set of experiments using a synthesized dataset to show the capabilities of the proposed models. The experimental results show that the correlation between the proposed models and the interval DEA models is significant. Also, the proposed models provide almost robust results and represent more stable behavior than the interval DEA models against QoS variations. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed models for QoS-aware Web service composition. Experimental results indicate that the proposed models significantly improve the fitness of the resultant compositions when they filter out unsatisfactory candidate services for each abstract service in the preprocessing phase. These models help users to select the best possible cloud service considering the dynamic internet environment and they help service providers to improve their Web services in the marke

The Relationship between Surface Water Quality and Watershed Characteristics

The healthy water resources are necessary and essential prerequisite for environmental protection and economic development, political, social and cultural rights of Iran. In this research, water quality parameters i.e. total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium absorption rate (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), Na+, Cl-, CO32-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, pH, HCO3- and SO42- during 2010-2011 were obtained from Iranian Water Resources Research Institute in water quality measurement stations on Mazandaran province, Iran. Then, the most important catchment characteristics (area, mean slope, mean height, base flow index, annual rainfall, land cover, and geology) were determined on water quality parameters using stepwise regression via backwards method in the 63 selected rivers. The results showed that sodium absorption rate (SAR), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), Na+ and Cl- parameters are strongly linked to geology characteristics, while K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ cations is linked to rainfall and geology characteristics. pH and HCO3- are related to area, rainfall, land cover and geology characteristics, CO32- is related to area, rainfall, rangeland area and geology characteristics and SO42- is related to area, rainfall, range and bar land area and geology characteristics. Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used for modeling the selected catchment characteristics and water quality parameters. The ANFIS models have a high Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE)  and low root mean squares error (RMSE) to estimate water quality parameters