Determinants of vertical integration and control in distribution channels

Current theories of marketing channel structure have stressed product and industry characteristics. We develop a theoretical framework which emphasizes the importance of the markets for each of the functions required by the distribution channel. This framework was used in an extensive and in depth case study for 23 companies in 6 industries in Venezuela. Imperfections in the market for loans, lack of specialized markets for certain channel functions, spatial monopolies enjoyed by retailers and agency problems were identified as crucial elements affecting vertical integration and control in distribution channels

Mobility, energy, and emissions in Cuba and Florida

In many ways the island nation of Cuba and the State of Florida are remarkably similar; both comprise similar areas and sized populations, and until 45 years ago they were economically linked. Now, despite being physically close, in economic and political terms Cuba and Florida are worlds apart. Overall, while Florida has grown economically stronger over time, economic growth in Cuba has been far more constrained due to external pressures – most notably the economic blockade by the United States and the collapse of the Soviet Block. This paper devises a range of indicators for both territories to explore how mobility, energy use and emissions might be influenced by socio-economic conditions. Specifically, it compares and contrasts how transport policies have developed in an environment with virtually no economic constraints, and a situation where strong constraints were in place