ОДЕРЖАННЯ ТА ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КАЛЮСНОЇ МАСИ DELPHINIUM ELATUM L.

The aim of the work. Introduce to culture in vitro Delphinium elatum L., investigate the effect of phytohormones on plant cell growth processes, determine optimal conditions of cultivation in vitro. Obtain extracts of biomass and plant materials of D. elatum, conduct a comparative study of biologically active compounds, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods. Cultivation of D. elatum was performed on a modified Murashige and Skoog culture medium. Extracts were obtained by maceration method, as extractant used ethanol solutions in concentrations of 20, 40, 70 and 90 %. The total phenolic content was determined by spectrophotometric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, the total flavonoid content – by colorimetric method with aluminium chloride. Antimicrobial activity was investigated on standard and clinical strains of microorganisms by diffusion in agar, antioxidant activity – by spectrophotometric method by interaction with stable chromogen radical 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Results and Discussion. The optimal stratification scheme of D. elatum seeds with the highest yield of aseptic explants was selected: consecutive mechanical treatment, wetting with cold sterile water, refrigerator ageing, treatment with 70% ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and sterilized bidistilled water. The composition of the Murashige and Skoog culture medium, supplemented with phytohormones BAP and 2,4-D, where the highest specific growth rates and the shortest time of doubling the biomass of calluses were observed, was determined. The callus mass was obtained after 35 days of cultivation. The total phenolic and flavonoids contents of D. elatum extracts were studied. It was determined that extracts of both callus biomass and plant material obtained with 40 % ethanol solution contain the highest number of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of D. elatum extracts in relation to standard and clinical strains of some microorganisms was investigated. It was determined that maximum activity was shown by D. elatum extracts obtained with 40 % and 70 % ethanol solutions. Conslusions. As a result of the research it was established that the D. elatum callus biomass in terms of content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and pharmacological activity is not inferior to vegetable raw materials and can be used as an equivalent medicinal raw material.Мета роботи. Ввести в культуру in vitro Delphinium elatum L., дослідити вплив регуляторів росту на процеси росту рослинних клітин, визначити оптимальні умови культивування рослини в умовах in vitro. Одержати екстракти біомаси та рослинної сировини D. elatum, провести порівняльне дослідження вмісту біологічно активних сполук, антимікробної та антиоксидантної активностей. Матеріали і методи. Культивування D. elatum проводили на модифікованому живильному середовищі Мурасіге-Скуга. Екстракти одержували методом мацерації, як екстрагент використовували водно-етанольні розчини в концентрації 20, 40, 70 та 90 %. Загальний вміст фенольних сполук в екстрактах визначали спектрофотометричним методом Фоліна-Чокальтеу, загальний вміст флавоноїдів – колориметричним методом з алюмінію хлоридом. Антимікробну активність досліджували на стандартних та клінічних штамах мікроорганізмів методом дифузії в агар, антиоксидантну активність – спектрофотометричним методом шляхом взаємодії зі стабільним хромоген-радикалом 2,2-дифеніл-1-пікрилгідразилом. Результати й обговорення. Підібрано оптимальну схему стратифікації та стерилізації насіння D. elatum з найбільшим виходом асептичних експлантів: почергові механічна обробка, змочування холодною стерильною водою, витримка в холодильнику, обробка 70 % етанолом, натрію гіпохлоритом та стерилізованою бідистильованою водою. Визначено склад поживного середовища Мурасіге-Скуга, доповненого регуляторами росту БАП, 2,4-Д, на якому спостерігались найвищі значення індексу росту і найменший час подвоєння біомаси калюсів. Одержано калюсну біомасу після 35 діб культивування. Досліджено загальний вміст флавоноїдів та фенольних сполук в екстрактах D. Elatum. Встановлено, що екстракти як калюсної біомаси, так і рослинної сировини, одержані з 40 % водно-етанольним розчином мають найбільший вміст фенольних сполук і флавоноїдів.   Встановлено протимікробну та протигрибкову активність екстрактів D. elatum щодо стандартних та клінічних штамів деяких мікроорганізмів. Визначено, що максимальну активність проявили екстракти D. elatum, одержані з 40 % та 70 % водно-етанольними розчинами. Висновки. У результаті проведених досліджень встановлено, що калюсна біомаса D. elatum за вмістом фенольних сполук, флавоноїдів та фармакологічною активністю не поступається рослинній сировині і може бути використана як рівноцінна лікарська сировина

Chemical recycling of polyhydroxyalkanoates as a method towards sustainable development.

Chemical recycling of bio-based polymers polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by thermal degradation was investigated from the viewpoint of biorefinery. The thermal degradation resulted in successful transformation of PHAs into vinyl monomers using alkali earth compound (AEC) catalysts. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)s (PHBVs) were smoothly and selectively depolymerized into crotonic (CA) and 2-pentenoic (2-PA) acids at lower degradation temperatures in the presence of CaO and Mg(OH)(2) as catalysts. Obtained CA from 3-hydroxybutyrate sequences in PHBV was copolymerized with acrylic acid to produce useful water-soluble copolymers, poly(crotonic acid-co-acrylic acid) that have high glass-transition temperatures. The copolymerization of CA derived from PHA pyrolysis is an example of cascade utilization of PHAs, which meets the idea of sustainable development

Practical procedure for discriminating monofloral honey with a broad pollen profile variability using an electronic tongue

Colour and floral origin are key parameters that may influence the honey market. Monofloral light honey are more demanded by consumers, mainly due to their flavour, being more valuable for producers due to their higher price when compared to darker honey. The latter usually have a high anti-oxidant content that increases their healthy potential. This work showed that it is possible to correctly classify monofloral honey with a high variability in floral origin with a potentiometric electronic tongue after making a preliminary selection of honey according their colours: white, amber and dark honey. The results showed that the device had a very satisfactory sensitivity towards floral origin (Castanea sp., Echium sp., Erica sp., Lavandula sp., Prunus sp. and Rubus sp.), allowing a leave-one-out cross validation correct classification of 100%. Therefore, the E-tongue shows potential to be used at analytical laboratory level for honey samples classification according to market and quality parameters, as a practical tool for ensuring monofloral honey authenticity

Ecological phytochemistry of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) plants

The Cerrado (the Brazilian savanna) is one of the vegetation formations of great biodiversity in Brazil and it has experienced strong deforestation and fragmentation. The Cerrado must contain at least 12,000 higher plant species.We discuss the ecological relevance of phytochemical studies carried out on plants from the Cerrado, including examples of phytotoxicity, antifungal, insecticidal and antibacterial activities. The results have been classified according to activity and plant family. The most active compounds have been highlighted and other activities are discussed. A large number of complex biochemical interactions occur in this system. However, only a small fraction of the species has been studied from the phytochemical viewpoint to identify the metabolites responsible for these interactions

The 42nd Symposium Chromatographic Methods of Investigating Organic Compounds : Book of abstracts

The 42nd Symposium Chromatographic Methods of Investigating Organic Compounds : Book of abstracts. June 4-7, 2019, Szczyrk, Polan

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of the Residue By-Product Developed from the Ocimum americanum (Lamiaceae) Postdistillation Waste

The yield of essential oils in plants is not high and postdistillation wastes rich in phenolic compounds could be used to enhance the profitability of essential oil-bearing plants. The aim of the study was to evaluate polyphenols in a dry extract obtained from the postdistillation waste of the American basil (Ocimum americanum L.) herb, and to conduct the screening of its pharmacological activities. Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and rutin were identified in the extract using high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis found the presence of a plethora of polyphenols in the extract. Rosmarinic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and rutin were as the main compounds. The total phenolic content in the extract was 106.31 mg GAE/g and free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl evaluated as IC50 was 0.298 mg/mL. The tested extract dose-dependently decreased the paw edema in rats, suggesting its potent anti-inflammatory property. The acute toxicity study indicates its safety. Thus, the O. americanum hydrodistilled residue by-product is the promising source of biologically active compounds with significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Polish Yellow Sweet Clover (Melilotus officinalis L.) Honey, Chromatographic Fingerprints, and Chemical Markers

A case study of Polish Melilotus officinalis honey was presented for the first time. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (after steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic solvent extraction, and solid phase extraction (SPE)) and targeted high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PAD) were applied to determine the characteristic components of honey. While ubiquitous in most honeys, carbohydrates, terpene derivatives, and phenylacetic acid dominated in the Soxhlet extracts (25.54%) and in the application of SPE (13.04%). In addition, lumichrome (1.85%) was found, and may be considered as a marker of this honey. Due to the presence of these compounds, Polish yellow sweet clover honey is similar to French lavender honeys. The major compounds determined in the methanolic extract were (+)-catechine (39.7%) and gallic acid (up to 30%), which can be regarded as specific chemical markers of the botanical origin of melilot honey. With respect to total phenolic and flavonoid contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were determined spectrophotometrically. The honey exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity, typical for light honeys, which correlates well with its phenolic and flavonoid composition

Macrofungi as a source of bioactive substances

From ancient times medicine and natural products have been closely linked through the use of traditional medicines and natural toxins. Macrofungi have an established history of use especially in traditional oriental medicine. Nowadays, mushrooms comprise a vast and yet largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In particular, and most importantly for modern medicine, they are an unlimited source of compounds that exhibit multidirectional activity: antioxidant, immuno-enhancing, immunostimulatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti- inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiallergenic and anticarcinogenic [1, 2, 5-8]. In the presented work, a substances with biological activity from mainly Basidiomycota were reviewed, including low-molecular-weight (terpenoids, polyphenols steroids, quinones, amines, cerebrosides) (Tab.1) and high-molecular- weight compounds (homo and heteroglucans, glycans, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptides, proteins) (Tab. 2). Selected species of toxic and hallucinogenic mushrooms were also included in the review. At present, mushrooms are considered to be functional food. Beneficial health effects may be achieved through the direct consumption of fruiting bodies or the use of dietary supplements in the form of ready-to-use preparations containing mushroom extracts. The last years is also a period of a flourishing new field of medicine - mycopharmacology. The scientific approach to compounds contained in mushrooms allowed the isolation and identification of many valuable active substances which are used in the prevention and treatment of lifestyle diseases