Comparative Study of the Dynamics of Cosmic Rays for the Pakistan and China Atmospheric Regions

This paper presents an analysis of cosmic ray intensity in Pakistan air space using spatial interpolation, comparing it with Chinese cosmic ray records from 1984 to 1993. The Exploratory Data Analytic (EDA) approach was applied to compare the cosmic ray fluctuations in both countries. The time series plot of the monthly cosmic rays showed relatively flatter counts in Pakistan than in China. The cosmic ray data for the years 1984 to 1993 fell within Solar Cycle 22, which lasted from 1986 to 1996, with its maximum phase in 1989 to 1991. The cosmic radiation varies between the atmospheric regions of Pakistan and China due to modulations in intensity that are accessible accordingly. It can be explained by purely astrophysical phenomena: (1) the source of emission of cosmic radiation may be different, (2) the rate at which emanation takes place depends on bursts of deep space dynamical objects from their sources that may be affected by solar wind and other solar radiations. Therefore, modulations in intensity are not only due to different geophysical locations. This study will help government organizations to predict and forecast cosmic rays values

The Quiescent Intracluster Medium in the Core of the Perseus Cluster

Clusters of galaxies are the most massive gravitationally-bound objects in the Universe and are still forming. They are thus important probes of cosmological parameters and a host of astrophysical processes. Knowledge of the dynamics of the pervasive hot gas, which dominates in mass over stars in a cluster, is a crucial missing ingredient. It can enable new insights into mechanical energy injection by the central supermassive black hole and the use of hydrostatic equilibrium for the determination of cluster masses. X-rays from the core of the Perseus cluster are emitted by the 50 million K diffuse hot plasma filling its gravitational potential well. The Active Galactic Nucleus of the central galaxy NGC1275 is pumping jetted energy into the surrounding intracluster medium, creating buoyant bubbles filled with relativistic plasma. These likely induce motions in the intracluster medium and heat the inner gas preventing runaway radiative cooling; a process known as Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback. Here we report on Hitomi X-ray observations of the Perseus cluster core, which reveal a remarkably quiescent atmosphere where the gas has a line-of-sight velocity dispersion of 164+/-10 km/s in a region 30-60 kpc from the central nucleus. A gradient in the line-of-sight velocity of 150+/-70 km/s is found across the 60 kpc image of the cluster core. Turbulent pressure support in the gas is 4% or less of the thermodynamic pressure, with large scale shear at most doubling that estimate. We infer that total cluster masses determined from hydrostatic equilibrium in the central regions need little correction for turbulent pressure.Comment: 31 pages, 11 Figs, published in Nature July

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU)

The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer of the ESA Athena X-ray observatory. Over a field of view of 5' equivalent diameter, it will deliver X-ray spectra from 0.2 to 12 keV with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV up to 7 keV on similar to 5 '' pixels. The X-IFU is based on a large format array of super-conducting molybdenum-gold Transition Edge Sensors cooled at similar to 90 mK, each coupled with an absorber made of gold and bismuth with a pitch of 249 mu m. A cryogenic anti-coincidence detector located underneath the prime TES array enables the non X-ray background to be reduced. A bath temperature of similar to 50 mK is obtained by a series of mechanical coolers combining 15K Pulse Tubes, 4K and 2K Joule-Thomson coolers which pre-cool a sub Kelvin cooler made of a He-3 sorption cooler coupled with an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator. Frequency domain multiplexing enables to read out 40 pixels in one single channel. A photon interacting with an absorber leads to a current pulse, amplified by the readout electronics and whose shape is reconstructed on board to recover its energy with high accuracy. The defocusing capability offered by the Athena movable mirror assembly enables the X-IFU to observe the brightest X-ray sources of the sky (up to Crab-like intensities) by spreading the telescope point spread function over hundreds of pixels. Thus the X-IFU delivers low pile-up, high throughput (> 50%), and typically 10 eV spectral resolution at 1 Crab intensities, i.e. a factor of 10 or more better than Silicon based X-ray detectors. In this paper, the current X-IFU baseline is presented, together with an assessment of its anticipated performance in terms of spectral resolution, background, and count rate capability. The X-IFU baseline configuration will be subject to a preliminary requirement review that is scheduled at the end of 2018. The X-IFU will be provided by an international consortium led by France, the Netherlands and Italy, with further ESA member state contributions from Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Spain, Switzerland and contributions from Japan and the United States.Peer reviewe

Hitomi (ASTRO-H) X-ray Astronomy Satellite

The Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission is the sixth Japanese x-ray astronomy satellite developed by a large international collaboration, including Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe. The mission aimed to provide the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E  >  2  keV, using a microcalorimeter instrument, and to cover a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft x-rays to gamma rays. After a successful launch on February 17, 2016, the spacecraft lost its function on March 26, 2016, but the commissioning phase for about a month provided valuable information on the onboard instruments and the spacecraft system, including astrophysical results obtained from first light observations. The paper describes the Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission, its capabilities, the initial operation, and the instruments/spacecraft performances confirmed during the commissioning operations for about a month

Comparative Study of Temperature and Rainfall Fluctuation in Hunza-Nagar District

Climate assessment essentially involves a good understanding of rainfall and temperature patterns. As such, there are many factors to be considered while studying climate. Although, temperature and rainfall are playing an extremely important and manifold role in climatic research particularly in various environmental hazards. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a forecasting model that could predict temperature and rainfall and provide timely early warning in Hunza-Nagar. In this paper temperature and rainfall dataset (2007-2011) have used and developed a quantitative treatment using different statistical methods such as regression and time series/stochastic modeling. The regression analysis proposes that the rainfall increased with increasing temperature. It also found that trends in monthly mean maximum temperature indices increase from years 2007 to 2011 while the amount of rainfall has decreased. The available data presented that AR (1) model is most adequate for a forecast of temperature. These forecasts will be useful for public, private and government organization

Investigating the Influence of Cosmic Rays on Ozone Layer Depletion at Beijing, China

In the present study monthly and annually data of ozone depth and cosmic rays (CRs) intensity at China Beijing during the period of 1984-2010 have been analyzed to investigate the effects of cosmic rays intensity on ozone layer depletion (OLD). This communication implements statistical analysis on the data sets for the specified period mentioned above. The analyses exhibit that mean monthly variation of cosmic rays intensity increases. Our investigation claims that in the month of May (1984-2010) changes occurred in the decrease the ozone depth due to the increase in cosmic rays intensity .This sort of study confirms cosmic rays influence on the ozone layer depletion

Investigating Explorative Character of Ozone Layer Depletion Between Pakistan and China: A Comparative Regional Study

In this communication we have assessed explorative nature of ozone layer dynamics using data of ozone depth from 1984-to 2010 at the stratospheric region of China and Pakistan. This study comprises the parametric evaluation that characterizes the physical behaviour of stratospheres of both the regions. For this purpose we have adopted exploratory data analysis (EDA). The results indicated an obvious distinction in the fluctuating dynamics of China and Pakistan. The models discussed in this communication can be used for public, private and government organizations and compared with other countries stratospheric ozone layer dynamics