La historia y el desarollo del pensamiento filosófico español de Séneca a nuestros dias

Članak donosi pregled španjolske filozofije od njezinih prvotno determiniranih filozofskih perspektiva, prepoznatih kao »tipično španjolskih«, pa sve do španjolske političke i društvene tranzicije u XX. st. Položaj španjolske filozofije koji ovdje prikazujemo jedno je tumačenje, ili još bolje, pokušaj rasvjetljivanja i ispitivanja jednoga nepoznatog i složenog područja što ga španjolska misao nudi ne samo danas, već i od vremena svojega prvog – hispano-romanskog – filozofskog uobličavanja; imajući također u vidu bogatu tradiciju pretočenu u kastiljski jezik. Ovdje se jednako tako ostvaruje jedna snažna i neosporna dijalektička relacija, možebitno kružna, između španjolske filozofije i povijesne bîti onoga što nazivamo »Španjolska«. Jedna sažeta analiza španjolske filozofije danas je promatrana u horizontu vlastite prošlosti, svojega više ili manje jasna kontinuiteta i svoje više ili manje izražene koherencije. Nakana mi je sabrati, izložiti i rasvijetliti bitne napore, djela i mišljenja najznamenitijih španjolskih filozofa. Svjesna činjenice da se njihovi napori još uvijek nedovoljno cijene, o čemu je prošlost već kazala svoje, nastojim stvoriti okružje u kojem neće biti ni isključivosti ni sektaštva. O »problemu« esencije, egzistencije, konzistencije, karaktera, duha, temeljâ, korijenâ, ali i o problemu sâme povijesti španjolske filozofije, u posljednjim desetljećima pisalo se i raspravljalo na mahove. Zbog toga ovaj pokušaj ima poslužiti kao ferment za jedno novo uzdizanje španjolske misli općenito, a posebno španjolske filozofije.Se ofrece en este artículo una visión general de la filosofía española desde las primeras determinadas perspectivas filosóficas, reconocidas como »típicamente españolas«, hasta la transición política y social española en el siglo XX. La situación de la filosofía española que se propone es una interpretación, o mejor el intento de esclarecer y investigar denso y complejo campo que ofrece el pensamiento español no sólo en actualidad, sino desde los tiempos primerizos del formamento filosófico – hispánico-romano, habida también cuenta de la amplia tradición escrita en castellano. Aquí se realiza también una fuerte y indiscutible relación dialéctica, puede ser circular, entre la filosofía española y la esencia histórica de lo que llamamos »España«. Un análisis breve de la filosofía española es interrogada, sobre todo, en el horizonte de su proprio pasado, su propria continuidad y su coherencia más o menos expresivas. Mi propósito es recoger, investigar y dar a la luz del día los trabajos, libros y pensamientos filosóficos esenciales producios por los filósofos españoles más destacados. Consciente de que los trabajos de los filósofos españoles no gozan aún de la consideración que merecen, como ya sucedió en el pasado, pretendo crear un lugar de encuentro sin exclusiones ni sectarismos. El »problema« de la esencia, existencia, consistencia, carácter, espíritu, fundamentos, raíces y el de la propia historia de la filosofía española ha sido tratado intermitentemente en las últimas décadas. Por eso este intento debe servir de fermento para un nuevo levantar y comprender de la historia del pensamiento español en general y de la filosofía española en particular

Nutritional intervention and impact of polyphenol on glycohaemoglobin (HbA1c) in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects: systematic review and meta-analysis

Polyphenols have been extensively studied for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, their antiglycative actions by oxidative stress modulation have been linked to prevention of diabetes and associated complications. This paper assesses the evidence for polyphenol interventions on glycohaemoglobin (HbA1c) in non-diabetic, pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. A systematic review of polyphenols clinical trials on HbA1c in humans was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thirty-six controlled randomized trials with HbA1c values were included. Polyphenols (extracts, supplements, foods), were supplemented (28 mg to 1.5g) for 0.7 to 12 months. Combining all subjects (n=1954, mean baseline HbA1c=7.03%, 53 mmol/mol), polyphenol supplementation significantly (p<0.001) lowered HbA1c% by -0.53±0.12 units (-5.79±0.13 mmol/mol). This reduction was significant (p<0.001) in T2DM subjects, specifically (n=1426, mean baseline HbA1c=7.44%, 58 mmol/mol), with HbA1c% lowered by -0.21±0.04 units (-2.29±0.4 mmol/mol). Polyphenol supplementation had no significant effect (p>0.21) in the non-diabetic (n=258, mean baseline HbA1c=5.47%, 36 mmol/mol) and the pre-diabetic subjects (n=270, mean baseline HbA1c=6.06%, 43 mmol/mol) strata: -0.39±0.27 HbA1c% units (-4.3±0.3 mmol/mol), and -0.38±0.31 units (-4.2±0.31 mmol/mol), respectively. In conclusion, polyphenols can successfully reduce HbA1c in T2DM, without any intervention at glycaemia, and could contribute to the prevention of diabetes complications

Antiproliferative effects of novel N-9 sulphonylurea derivatives on 2D and 3D cell cultures

Uvod: Vodeći uzrok smrtnosti u svijetu čine tumorske bolesti koje nastaju kao posljedica zagađenja okoliša i starenja svjetske populacije. Velika je potreba za pronalaskom učinkovitih antitumorskih lijekova. Modificirani nukleozidi i baze nukleinskih kiselina predmet su mnogih istraživanja radi njihove potencijalne antitumorske i antivirusne aktivnosti. Cilj istraživanja: Odrediti razlikuje li se antiproliferativni potencijal derivata N-9 sulfonil urea na rast normalnih i tumorskih stanica u dvodimenzionalnim i trodimenzionalnim kulturama in vitro. Materijali i metode: Učinci derivata N-9 sulfonilureje na rast stanica određeni su MTT testom na panelu humanih tumorskih stanica u 2D kulturi (HeLa, CaCo-2, NCI-H358, K562, Raji, HuT 78, MOLT4 i CCRF-CEM), normalnim stanicama (MDCK1) i 3D kulturi stanica HeLa, CaCo-2 i NCI-H358. Promjene u staničnom ciklusu određene su protočnom citometrijom. Rezultati: Testirani derivati N-9 sulfonilureja prikazuju antiproliferativni učinak ovisno o pri primijenjenoj koncentraciji i staničnoj liniji u 2D i 3D kulturi. Najbolji inhibicijski učinak na rast tumorskih stanica imao je spoj R-194. Raji stanice nakon izlaganja spoju R-194 pokazuju statistički značajne promjene u udjelu stanica pojedinih faza staničnog ciklusa, a posebno nakupljanje stanica u sub G0 fazi u odnosu na kontrolne stanice. Zaključak: Razlikuje se odgovor stanica koje rastu u 2D i 3D kulturi na toksične učinke novositetiziranih derivata N-9-sulfonilureje. Najučinkovitiji je derivat R-194, koji značajno mijenja udio Raji stanica u pojedinim fazama staničnog ciklusa u odnosu na normalne stanice.Introduction: Leading cause of death in the world are tumour diseases as a result of environmental pollution and aging of the world population. Therefore, there is a huge need for discovering effective anticancer drugs. Nucleoside analogs are the subject of numerous researches because of their potential anti-tumour and antiviral activity. Study aim: The aim was to determine whether there is difference in anti-proliferation potential of N-9 sulfonylurea growth of normal and tumour cells in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures in vitro. Material and methods: Effects of N-9 sulfonylureas are set on the panel of human tumour cells in 2D culture (HeLa, CaCo-2, NCI-H358, K562, Raji, HuT 78, MOLT4 and CCRF-CEM), normal cells (MDCK1) and 3D culture (HeLa, CaCo-2, NCI-H358). Changes in cell cycle were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Results: Test of N-9 sulfonylureas shows antiproliferative activity depending on concentration and prepared in a cell line of 2D and 3D culture. The best inhibitory effect on tumour cell growth is R-194 compound. Raji human cell line, after the exposure to the R-194 compound, indicated a statistically significant change in the proportion of cells in cell cycle, and particular accumulation of cells in sub G0 phase compared to control cells. Conclusion: There were different responses of cells grown in 2D and 3D culture on toxic effects of N-9-sulphonylurea. The most effective derivative is R-194, which significantly changes the proportion of Raji cells in specific phases of the cell cycle compared to control cells

La historia y el desarollo del pensamiento filosófico español de Séneca a nuestros dias

Članak donosi pregled španjolske filozofije od njezinih prvotno determiniranih filozofskih perspektiva, prepoznatih kao »tipično španjolskih«, pa sve do španjolske političke i društvene tranzicije u XX. st. Položaj španjolske filozofije koji ovdje prikazujemo jedno je tumačenje, ili još bolje, pokušaj rasvjetljivanja i ispitivanja jednoga nepoznatog i složenog područja što ga španjolska misao nudi ne samo danas, već i od vremena svojega prvog – hispano-romanskog – filozofskog uobličavanja; imajući također u vidu bogatu tradiciju pretočenu u kastiljski jezik. Ovdje se jednako tako ostvaruje jedna snažna i neosporna dijalektička relacija, možebitno kružna, između španjolske filozofije i povijesne bîti onoga što nazivamo »Španjolska«. Jedna sažeta analiza španjolske filozofije danas je promatrana u horizontu vlastite prošlosti, svojega više ili manje jasna kontinuiteta i svoje više ili manje izražene koherencije. Nakana mi je sabrati, izložiti i rasvijetliti bitne napore, djela i mišljenja najznamenitijih španjolskih filozofa. Svjesna činjenice da se njihovi napori još uvijek nedovoljno cijene, o čemu je prošlost već kazala svoje, nastojim stvoriti okružje u kojem neće biti ni isključivosti ni sektaštva. O »problemu« esencije, egzistencije, konzistencije, karaktera, duha, temeljâ, korijenâ, ali i o problemu sâme povijesti španjolske filozofije, u posljednjim desetljećima pisalo se i raspravljalo na mahove. Zbog toga ovaj pokušaj ima poslužiti kao ferment za jedno novo uzdizanje španjolske misli općenito, a posebno španjolske filozofije.Se ofrece en este artículo una visión general de la filosofía española desde las primeras determinadas perspectivas filosóficas, reconocidas como »típicamente españolas«, hasta la transición política y social española en el siglo XX. La situación de la filosofía española que se propone es una interpretación, o mejor el intento de esclarecer y investigar denso y complejo campo que ofrece el pensamiento español no sólo en actualidad, sino desde los tiempos primerizos del formamento filosófico – hispánico-romano, habida también cuenta de la amplia tradición escrita en castellano. Aquí se realiza también una fuerte y indiscutible relación dialéctica, puede ser circular, entre la filosofía española y la esencia histórica de lo que llamamos »España«. Un análisis breve de la filosofía española es interrogada, sobre todo, en el horizonte de su proprio pasado, su propria continuidad y su coherencia más o menos expresivas. Mi propósito es recoger, investigar y dar a la luz del día los trabajos, libros y pensamientos filosóficos esenciales producios por los filósofos españoles más destacados. Consciente de que los trabajos de los filósofos españoles no gozan aún de la consideración que merecen, como ya sucedió en el pasado, pretendo crear un lugar de encuentro sin exclusiones ni sectarismos. El »problema« de la esencia, existencia, consistencia, carácter, espíritu, fundamentos, raíces y el de la propia historia de la filosofía española ha sido tratado intermitentemente en las últimas décadas. Por eso este intento debe servir de fermento para un nuevo levantar y comprender de la historia del pensamiento español en general y de la filosofía española en particular

Translation of the HeadacheAttributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire into the Croatian language, and its diagnostic validation

Despite increasing awareness promoted by the Global Campaign against Headache (1,2) and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (3-5), knowledge and understanding of the burdens attributable to headache disorders remain incomplete in many countrie

Sublethal effect of repeated pyrethroid exposure on the locomotor activity in the carabid beetle Platynus assimilis

Põllumajanduslikus tootmises on oluline säilitada bioloogilist mitmekesisust ning seda saavutatakse taimekaitsevahendite minimeeritud kasutamisega. Antud magistritöös kirjeldatakse taimekaitsevahendi Fastac 50 EC subletaalset toimet jooksiklaste käitumisele, samuti selgitatakse lühidalt indutseeritud resistentsusest. Subletaalne toime tähendab seda, et putukas jääb peale pestitsiidiga kontaktis olemist ellu, kuid tal võivad tekkida tänu sellele kõrvalnähud (nt. paralüüs). Kirjanduses on leitud, et nendeks häireteks võivad olla näiteks: munemis- ja paaritumishäired-, ka toiduotsingud võivad olla häiritud jms. Indutseeritud resistentsus ehk omandatud resistentsus, võib tekkida putukatel, kes on pidevalt pestitsiidi subletaalsete doosidega kontaktis. Käesoleva töö eesmärkideks oli selgitada püretroidi Fastac 50 EC subletaalse doosiga korduvtöötlemise mõju süsi-ketasjooksiku lokomotoorsele aktiivsusele (4 mõjutamist 24- tunnise intervalliga). Laborkatsed näitasid, et insektitsiid Fastac subletaalse doosiga (toimeaine alfa-tsüpermetriin 1 mg L-1) eeltöödeldud jooksiklaste lokomotoorne aktiivsus vähenes päevadega. Kui esimesel päeval ulatus 4 tunni jooksul läbitud tee pikkus 7253 mm, siis neljandal päeval läbiti sama ajavahemiku jooksul vaid 2316 mm, olles jõudnud kontrolliga võrreldes samale tasemele. Seega, neljandal katsepäeval neljas püretroidiga mõjutamine mardikate lokomotoorset aktiivsust enam ei mõjutanud. Selle nn. indutseeritud resistentsuse biokeemiliseks aluseks on tõenäoliselt mardika kehas toimuvad protsessid ja tsütokroom P450 mono-oksügenaaside paiskumine hemolümfi, mis muudab mardikad järgnevatele kokkupuudetele selle insektitsiidiga vähem haavatavaks. Edasised uurimistööd võiksid selgitada, kas mardikas suudab taastuda Fastac’i subletaalsetest doosidest, mitte ainult väliselt ning elada täisväärtuslikku elu.The theoretical section of the thesis argued that different doses of plant protection products can have a lethal or sublethal effect on insects. The sublethal impact of pesticides on insects, especially on beneficial insects, has generally not been studied very widely. Research related to the topic should however be constantly updated due to the gradually growing development of new pesticides, the impact of which on the behaviour of beneficial insects needs to be explained. It is known that pesticides have an impact on insects’ fertility and they cause deformations in their sexual organs as a result of which some individuals may not be able to mate. Even if the mating is successful, the offspring may suffer from some abnormalities which have a strong effect on their life cycle. Pesticides also have an impact on the insects’ ability to orientate. This is especially clearly seen in case of bee colonies that have previously been exposed to plant protection products. Namely, bees cannot find food or the beehive after being exposed to toxins. This in turn influences economically agricultural holdings whose arable crops will remain unpollinated and whose yield will be lost. In addition, the negative impact of pesticides may also reveal itself for parasitoids upon a search for a host and, as a result, the population of beneficial insects may decrease. The first aim of the experimental section of the thesis was to measure (in comparison tocontrol beetles) the changes in the locomotor activity parameters of the carabid beetle Platynus assimilis who had previously been exposed to a sublethal dose (0,1 mg L-1alpha-cyp.) of pyrethroid Fastac 50 EC. Secondly, the thesis aimed at determining the effect of repeated exposure to a sublethal dose of pyrethroid Fastac 50 EC on the locomotor activity of beetles (4 treatments in a 24-hour interval). The hypotheses set in the present Master’s thesis were proved to be true. The sublethal doses of Fastac have an effect on the locomotor activity of beetles. In addition, every preceding exposure to a subtlethal dose of pyrethroid increases beetles’ resistance to Fastac (induced resistance); therefore, following exposure to the same dose provoked a weaker reaction. It can be thus concluded that in case of a 24-hour interval of exposure, the normal locomotor activity of beetles may recover even after the fourth exposure. The biochemical basis for the so-called induced resistance may be the process of detoxification occurring in a beetle’s body during which the cytochrome P450monooxygenases diffuses into haemolymph and, as a result, makes beetles less vulnerable to following exposure to this insecticide. Further research should explain and carry out electrophysiological experiments which would confirm if the neuron located at the beetle’s antennae reacts to Fastac. In addition, it would be important to know if beetles can recover from the sublethal doses of Fastac (not onlyexternally) and live a full life

Deposition of particles in a model of human lungs

Zmyslom bakalárskej práce bolo vypracovať rešerš metód merania usadzovania častíc v ľudských dýchacích cestách. Práca tiež obsahuje experiment s poréznymi časticami, ktorý bol následne vyhodnotený fázovo-kontrastnou mikroskopickou analýzou získaných vzoriek. Porézne častice sa javia ako vhodné na dopravu terapeutických aerosólov do dýchacích ciest, a preto sú v posledných rokoch predmetom viacerých výskumov. V práci sú tiež opísané teoretické základy fyziológie ľudských dýchacích ciest, aerosólov, fyzikálne princípy depozície a realistický model, na ktorom bol vykonaný experiment.The main purpose of thesis was to do a research of methods suitable for measuring the deposition of particles in human airways. Thesis also contains experiment with porous particles and evaluation of created samples using phase-contrast microscopy. Porous particles seem to be appropriate option for delivering drugs or therapeutic aerosol into the human airways and that made them very interesting in past few years. Theoretical basics of physiology of human airways, aerosols, physical principles of particle deposition and realistic model used during experiment are also explained in this study.