La recaudación del impuesto predial: un análisis de sus determinantes económicos en el periodo 1969-2010

This article analyzes the factors explaining the differences among states in collecting the property tax in Mexico during the 1969-2010 period. We concentrate on some variables that the literature has identified as determinants of tax collection performance, emphasizing the substitution effect hypothesis which asserts that local governments reduce their taxation when they have access to alternate funding sources with fewer political costs. We also analyze the effect of two constitutional reforms to article 115 that aimed to improve property tax collection. Based on an econometric model with panel data, our results show that only conditional transfers (from the Ramo 33) have a negative effect on local taxation, but revenue-share transfers from the federal government no dot. The main obstacle that the property tax faces to improve its performance comes from rural areas for three reasons: the property value is low, local governments have weaker administrative capacities to collect taxes, and the Mexican ejido has historically be exempted from paying the property tax. Finally, we show that the constitutional reforms were ineffective in improving the tax-collection performance of municipalities

SISTEMA POLÍTICO MEXICANO

ANTOLOGÍ

Indicadores para la medición de la respuesta de los Estados en el abordaje de la trata de personas

National laws and public policies promulgated to address trafficking in persons in different countries of the world, need to be monitored and evaluated with a view to generating evidence regarding compliance, effectiveness and real impacts on people's lives. In this sense, this work provides evaluation scales and the classification and analysis of 396 indicators, identified from a literature review in which proposals for measurement were analyzed at a global, regional, national and subnational level. The authors of these measurements correspond to academic, governmental, non-governmental actors and supranational organizations, the same ones for whom the findings of this work constitute a fundamental input for the design of follow-up, monitoring and evaluation strategies of the government response in the approach to trafficking in personsLas legislaciones nacionales y las políticas públicas promulgadas para el abordaje de la trata de personas en los distintos países del mundo requieren ser monitoreadas y evaluadas en perspectiva de generar evidencia respecto de su cumplimiento, efectividad e impactos reales sobre la vida de las personas. En ese sentido, este trabajo aporta escalas de evaluación y la clasificación y análisis de 396 indicadores, identificados a partir de una revisión de literatura en la que se analizaron propuestas de medición a nivel global, regional, nacional y subnacional. Los autores de dichas mediciones corresponden a actores académicos, gubernamentales, no gubernamentales y organismos supranacionales, los mismos para quienes los hallazgos de este trabajo se constituyen en un insumo fundamental para el diseño de estrategias de seguimiento, monitoreo y evaluación de la respuesta gubernamental en el abordaje de la trata de personas

Ultrafine Particles in Mexico City Metropolitan Area: a review

Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), once identified as the most polluted city in the world few decades ago is now a history of success in terms of air quality. As a result of a series of air quality actions implemented over the last 25 years, air quality has improved considerable. Based on a robust air monitoring and health databases, a recent study have shown that reductions in PM2.5 in this period, avoided 22,500 premature deaths approximately. Still, there is more way to go since quality standards are not attained yet for ozone and particulate matter (PM2.5 annual average concentrations in 2017 were 23 μg/m3 and 30 μg/m3, in Mexico City and Metropolitan area monitoring sites, respectively). Existing data either from emissions inventories, continuous monitoring and field campaigns have shown the contribution of the different emissions sources, highlighting the important role of transportation in emissions and formation of ultrafine particles in MCMA. Few pilot studies have shown the high level of ultrafine particles emissions of the existing heavy duty diesel fleet (Euro II and III). In addition, results of ultrafine particles emissions of gasoline light vehicles measured at the inspection and maintenance test shown that old vehicles among other characteristics are also high emitters. In despite of the above, ultrafine particles emissions and/or ambient concentrations are not yet part of the policy and/or regulation discussion in Mexico. The intention of this paper is to present a review of existing information of ultrafine particles in MCMA in order to analyze the impact of existing and planed control measures for air pollutants on ultrafine emissions and formation

Organismo de Evaluación y Fiscalización Ambiental - OEFA

Evalúa la posible existencia de filtraciones de lixiviados y zonas de acuiferos vulnerables dentro del entorno del depósito de relaves Quebrada Honda ubicado en la cuenca Locumba, mediante el uso del método geofísico de tomografía geoeléctrica. Los resultados de las tomografías han determinado la presencia de filtraciones en la zona de estudio, las cuales se habrían generado durante todo el tiempo de vida del depósito de relaves, con la consiguiente saturación del subsuelo. Los valores de resistividad medidos estuvieron por debajo de los 10 0.m , los cuales descartarían la posibilidad de tratarse de agua natural de un acuífero aluvial (agua subterránea); a menos que estas aguas hayan sido afectadas directamente por incorporación de sales. Los valores obtenidos de resistividad estarían en el rango correspondiente a arenas y gravas con agua salada (0,5-5,O 0.m) o con arcillas (2-20 0.m), tal como se observa en el rango de valores de resistividad de la Tabla 2-1. Esto podría relacionarse a algunas estructuras de la formación Moquegua, conformadas por una serie de materiales sedimentanos poco consolidados, que a su vez, podrían estar influenciados por alguna incorporación salina o lixiviados proveniente del depósito de relaves. Las elevaciones montatiosas de la pared del depósito de relaves presentan materiales conformados por materiales areno arcillosos, los cuales en su parte inferior habrían sido influenciados por la presencia del depósito de relaves. Tanto el talud y el pie del depósito de relaves, están siendo constantemente acumulados por desbordes de los materiales del depósito de relaves, lo cual también genera una contaminación directa en la superficie; así mismo discurre relaves por la quebrada

Percepción de la muerte en personas portadoras del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en situación de Síndrome De Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA)

Objetivo: identificar la percepción de la muerte en personas portadoras del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) en situación de Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA) en etapa terminal. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio cualitativo - fenomenológico, con una muestra de 10 pacientes pertenecientes a la fundación  Hogar Asistencial para Personas que Viven y Conviven con Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) Síndrome De Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA) ”HOASIS”, seleccionados por conveniencia mediante una lista otorgada por la Fundación, a quienes se aplicó entrevistas a profundidad y observación participante, llevadas a cabo en las instalaciones de la fundación y las viviendas de cada participante.Resultados: Al aplicar la “Teoría de la Incertidumbre frente a la enfermedad” de la enfermera Merle Mishel en estos pacientes con Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA), el 90% definieron su enfermedad como una “maldición” que solo se cura con la muerte afectando así su calidad de vida, y el 10% como una lección de vida, que lo enseñó a vivir y a disfrutar de ésta con una vida más tranquila, llegando finalmente a la etapa de la aceptación. Conclusiones: las personas consideran que evitar pensar en la muerte los aleja de ella, los hace reflexionar ante ésta y pensar en las cosas materiales y los seres queridos que abandonarán. Los pacientes definen a la muerte como algo natural, que hace parte del ciclo de la vida a pesar de que pensar en ella produzca temor o sufrimiento previo. En los enfermos terminales se apreciaron sentimientos de miedo, tristeza, rabia, soledad, amor, preocupación, y la transición de éstos por las etapas de negación, depresión e ira, descritas por la doctora E. Kubler Ross.Palabras claves: Percepción, Muerte, Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida, Enfermo Terminal. Perception of death in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Abstract Objective: The research seeks to identify the perception of death in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in terminal stage. Materials and methods: qualitative, phenomenological study, with a sample of 10 patients belonging to the foundation Home Healthcare for People Living and Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) “HOASIS”, chosen for convenience using a list provided by the foundation was applied to indepth interviews and participant observation, conducted in the foundation and in every house of the participant. Results: By applying the “Theory of Uncertainty against disease” by the nurse, Merle Mishel, in these patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 90% it was defined their illness as a “curse” that only death cures thus affecting their quality of life, and 10% as a life lesson that taught to live and enjoy it, living a quieter life to reach at the end an acceptance stage. Conclusions: People consider avoiding thinking about death takes them away from it, for thought to this and think about material things and loved ones who leave. Patients defined as natural death, which is part of the cycle of life even though to think about it can produce fear or a previous suffering. In terminal patients it was appreciated, feelings of fear, sadness, anger, loneliness, love, concern, and the transition through the stages of denial, depression and anger, described by Dr. E. Kubler Ross.Keywords: Perception, Death, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, terminal sickness. Percepção de morte em pessoas infectadas com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) estado de Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDs) ResumoObjetivo: A pesquisa busca identificar a percepção de morte em pessoas que vivem com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) em situação de Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) em fase terminal. Materiais e métodos: qualitativa, fenomenológica, com uma amostra de 10 pacientes pertencentes à fundação Tendimento Domiciliar para Pessoas Vivendo e Convivendo com Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV)/ Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) “HOASIS”, escolhidos por conveniência usando uma lista fornecida pela fundação foi aplicada a entrevistas em profundidade e observação participante, realizado em instalações da fundação e habitação de cada participante. Resultados: através da aplicação da “Teoria da Incerteza contra a doença” Merle Mishel a enfermeira nestes pacientes com Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), 90% definida a sua doença como uma “maldição” que só cura morte afetando sua qualidade de vida e 10% como uma lição de vida que ensina a viver e se divertir com uma vida mais calma, finalmente, chegar à fase de aceitação. Conclusões: as pessoas consideram a evitar pensar sobre a morte leva-los para longe dela, para o pensamento a este e pensar sobre as coisas materiais e entes queridos que deixam. Pacientes definida como morte natural, que faz parte do ciclo da vida, embora ela pense medo ou sofrimento ocorrido antes. Nos sentimentos apreciados terminais de medo, tristeza, raiva, solidão, amor, preocupação, e eles transição através dos estágios de negação, depressão e raiva, descrito pelo Dr. E. Kubler Ross.Palavras-chave: Percepção, Morte, Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida, Terminal Doente

Obtención de un índice de sustentabilidad aplicado a materiales de construcción

Este artículo aplica dos conceptos con la finalidad de obtener un índice de sustentabilidad para edificaciones. El primero se refiere al análisis del ciclo de vida de materiales de construcción, evaluado con parámetros como el calentamiento global, partículas cancerígenas y no cancerígenas, contaminantes del aire, eutrofización, ecotoxicidad, smog, el agotamiento de los recursos naturales, calidad del aire interior, y el agotamiento de la capa de ozono. El segundo concepto es la aplicación de Sistemas de Inferencia Borrosa (Fuzzy Inference Systems, FIS) el cual es un modelo que intenta emular el proceso de razonamiento de un experto en el área de construcciones y medio ambiente, a través del cual se calcula un índice sobre la sustentabilidad de los materiales utilizados en un edificio, que toma en cuenta el ciclo de vida de los mismos. Dichos materiales han sido previamente analizados mediante el programa computacional SimaPro, un software de evaluación de ciclo de vida que considera variables consensadas internacionalmente

P050 Oral inflammatory changes associated with inflammatory bowel disease in spondyloarthritis associated with early endoscopic findings

BACKGROUND: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a heterogeneous group of chronic autoinflammatory disorders that can present extra-articular gastrointestinal manifestations. Among them is mainly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although IBD mainly affects the intestinal tract, it can include early manifestations evident in the oral cavity. No comparative data on these oral manifestations in patients with SpA were found in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To identify oral clinical manifestations due to changes in the oral mucosa associated with IBD in patients with SpA without a diagnosis of IBD and associate them with endoscopic and histological findings. METHODS: 80 patients with SpA and 52 healthy controls were evaluated. They were assessed intra- and extra-orally, following the modified World Health Organization guideline. In addition, by clinical parameters of rheumatological, gastrointestinal and laboratory activity. Ileocolonoscopy was performed with digital chromoendoscopy with magnification and histological analysis. Comparative analyzes were performed by Chi square tests, Fisher's exact tests, confirmed by univariate regression and discriminant analysis of multiple correspondences. Institutional ethics committee approval cod-2017-023. RESULTS: The patients with SpA had 56% male gender, mean age of 42.8 years (SD ± 10.4) and a BMI in the range of 23.9 - 28.4. The healthy controls, 54% of the male gender with an average age of 41 years (SD ± 13.6) and a body mass index-BMI in the range of 22.9 - 27.6. The patients reported smoking only in 6.2%, however as a smoking history in 31% and passive smokers (15%), the majority employed (41%), married (56%) and professionals (49%). Of the healthy controls, they smoked (15%), with a history of smoking (31%), passive smokers (21%), the majority employed (77%), with their own home (67%), and professionals (54%). The patients with SpA reported a greater presence of some signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal origin 69%, while in the controls it was 7.7% (p = 0.001). Forty one of them were referred to colonoscopy with magnification being in 17.1 % changes in the mucosa of the rectum and in the same frequency changes in the mucosa of the sigmoid colon. Regarding the ileum, changes in the mucosa were evidenced in 41.5% of the cases. The presence of oral lesions was evident and predominated in them (63%) compared to controls p = 0.050. The main oral lesions associated with IBD were gingivitis (55%) (p = 0.001), followed by aphthous stomatitis (3.8%), angular cheilitis (2.6%) and perioral erythema with scaling (1.3%). 100% of the patients who presented alteration of the colonic mucosa presented oral lesions associated with IBD (p = 0039), which was also significantly associated with the presence of gingivitis/aphthous stomatitis (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Patients with SpA without a diagnosis of IBD have more oral signs and symptoms compared to healthy controls. Gingivitis is important given its association with early endoscopic and histological findings. Manifestations in the oral cavity can precede intestinal manifestations, therefore the clinical assessment by the oral pathologist in conjunction with gastroenterology and rheumatology allows a timely referral to gastroenterology and an endoscopic and histological evaluation, impacting the quality of life of patients

Exploring the Spatial Distribution of Air Pollution and Its Association with Socioeconomic Status Indicators in Mexico City

Air pollution is one of the most challenging global sustainability problems in the world. Roughly 90 of global citizens live in areas that exceed the acceptable air pollution levels according to the World Health Organization air quality guidelines. However, socially disadvantaged groups are disproportionately located in areas exposed to higher levels of air pollution. Understanding the association between risk exposure to air pollutants and the underlying socio-economic factors determining risk is central for sustainable urban planning. The purpose of this study was to explore environmental inequalities in Mexico City, specifically the spatial association between air pollutants and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators. We propose that SES indicators will be expected to spatially cluster vulnerable individuals and groups into heavily polluted areas. To test this hypothesis, we used 2017–2019 data from governmental records to perform spatial interpolations to explore the spatial distribution of criteria pollutants. We carried out spatial autocorrelations of air pollutants and SES indicators using the bivariate Moran’s I index. Our findings provide strong evidence of spatial heterogeneity in air pollution exposure in Mexico City. We found that socially deprived areas located in the southern periphery of Mexico City were exposed to higher ozone concentrations. On the contrary, wealthiest areas concentrated in the city center were exposed to greater concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide. Our findings highlight the need for policy-driven approaches that take into consideration not only the geographic variability and meteorological dynamics associated with air pollution exposure, but also the management of socioeconomic risk factors aimed at reducing disparate exposure to air pollution and potential health impacts

A gastrointestinal rotavirus infection mouse model for immune modulation studies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. The current study was conducted to assess whether colostrum containing rotavirus-specific antibodies (Gastrogard-R^®) could protect against rotavirus infection. In addition, this illness model was used to study modulatory effects of intervention on several immune parameters after re-infection.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>BALB/c mice were treated by gavage once daily with Gastrogard-R^®from the age of 4 to 10 days, and were inoculated with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) at 7 days of age. A secondary inoculation with epizootic-diarrhea infant-mouse (EDIM) virus was administered at 17 days of age. Disease symptoms were scored daily and viral shedding was measured in fecal samples during the post-inoculation periods. Rotavirus-specific IgM, IgG and IgG subclasses in serum, T cell proliferation and rotavirus-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were also measured.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Primary inoculation with RRV induced a mild but consistent level of diarrhea during 3-4 days post-inoculation. All mice receiving Gastrogard-R^®were 100% protected against rotavirus-induced diarrhea. Mice receiving both RRV and EDIM inoculation had a lower faecal-viral load following EDIM inoculation then mice receiving EDIM alone or Gastrogard-R^®. Mice receiving Gastrogard-R^®however displayed an enhanced rotavirus-specific T-cell proliferation whereas rotavirus-specific antibody subtypes were not affected.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Preventing RRV-induced diarrhea by Gastrogard-R^®early in life showed a diminished protection against EDIM re-infection, but a rotavirus-specific immune response was developed including both B cell and T cell responses. In general, this intervention model can be used for studying clinical symptoms as well as the immune responses required for protection against viral re-infection.</p