Sposoby formułowania tekstów poleceń w ćwiczeniach reprezentujących podejście ludyczne w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego

Autor prezentuje typy ćwiczeń o charakterze ludycznym, pojawiające się w badanych podręcznikach do nauki jpjo. Opisuje ich strukturę logiczną oraz zależności między instrukcją a egzemplifikacją rozwiązania, zawartą w poleceniu. Autor daje przykłady poleceń sformułowanych na różne sposoby, także zawierających rozbudowane fragmenty narracyjne. Analizuje składnię oraz słownictwo użyte w tekstach poleceń. Wskazuje zalety skomplikowanej struktury językowej poleceń w ćwiczeniach ludycznych.The author presents different types of ludic exercises appearing in textbooks for teaching Polish as a foreign language. He describes their logical structure and correlations between instructions and examples in the exercises. He also shows different types of instructions in ludic exercises, including instructions with narrative parts. He analyses the syntax and vocabulary, and presents the advantages of complicated linguistic structures used in instructions to ludic exercises

The specialized thoracic skeletomuscular system of the myrmecophile Claviger testaceus (Pselaphinae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera)

External and internal structures of the thorax of the myrmecophile beetle Claviger testaceus (Clavigeritae, Pselaphinae) were examined and documented with state-of-the-art visualization techniques. Following a general trend in the omaliine lineage (Staphylinidae), the skeletal elements of the pro- and pterothorax in Claviger reach a maximum degree of compactness, with largely reduced inter- and intrasegmental sutures and skeletal elements linked with the flight apparatus. The musculature, especially metathoracic direct and indirect flight muscles, also shows a high degree of reduction. Two forms of wings were found among individuals of C. testaceus, both non-functional and representing an advanced stage of reduction. However, that wing vestiges are still present and the metanotum, only slightly reduced, suggests that loss of flight in this species is likely the result of a young evolutionary process. Several structures are linked with myrmecophilous habits: small body size facilitates transportation of beetles by ant workers and makes it easier to move inside nest tunnels; the remarkably compact body and mechanically robust appendages make the beetles less vulnerable to attacks by ant mandibles; the improved elytral interlocking mechanism and unusually expanded epipleura enhance the protection of vulnerable dorsal parts of the pterothorax and anterior abdomen; and glands associated with trichomes on the posterolateral elytral angle produce secretions attractive for ants. Various modifications of the thorax and anterior abdomen lead to an optimization of intimate associations with ants. The morphological syndrome enabling these beetles to cope with life in ant colonies evolved in several steps. This is suggested by an increasing solidification of the thoracic skeleton in related non-myrmecophilous groups and also by less modified related clavigerites;for instance, ant-associated tropical species are still able to fly.Introduction Materials and methods - Studied species - Light microscopy - Micro-computed tomography (μCT) - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) - Terminology Results - Prothorax - Pterothorax - Anterior abdominal segments Discussion - Phylogenetic background - Musculature - Elytral locking system and flightlessness - Myrmecophilous habits Conclusion

Ninety million years of chasing mites by ant-like stone beetles

International audienceAmong insects, the largest group of the Animal Kingdom, rove beetles (Staphylinidae) have undergone an enormous adaptive radiation that resulted in over 62,000 extant species (A.F. Newton, unpublished database) showing diverse body forms, structures and feeding specializations combining predaceous, mycophagous, saprophagous and phytophagous habits in one family. The morphology of extinct and extant species is well studied, but the evolutionary history of such a broad range of adaptations is scarcely documented in the fossil record, and therefore poorly understood. One of the most puzzling specializations is that of predaceous ant-like stone beetles (Scydmaeninae), a staphylinid subfamily whose members choose not a soft-bodied prey, but the most heavily sclerotized, well-protected armoured mites. Scydmaenines have evolved a unique prey capturing apparatus with adhesive suckers to capture their prey, and the feeding process is remarkably long, often exceeding 30 h. The mouthparts with paired suckers cannot be used to catch any other kind of prey, and therefore finding such a device in extinct taxa implies specialized acarophagy. For the first time, we demonstrate that this very narrow specialization has ancient origins, and the Mesozoic (Turonian) Hyperstenichnus vendeanus Jałoszyński & Perrichot, gen. et sp. nov. from Vendean (French) amber was already an advanced, specialized mite killer. Surprisingly, the mouthpart modifications of the new species are more advanced than those in its extant relatives, suggesting that its (possibly too) narrowly specialized lineage has gone extinct. A long stasis of morphological structures is well known among Staphylinidae, and now also antiquity of narrow feeding specializations in rove beetles can be postulated, with unique habits remaining unchanged for over 90 million years