63 research outputs found
Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17
Background Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39.4-40.7) to 50.3% (50.0-50.5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46.3% (95% UI 46.1-46.5) in 2017, compared with 28.7% (28.5-29.0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88.6% (95% UI 87.2-89.7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664-711) of the 1830 (1797-1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76.1% (95% UI 71.6-80.7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53.9% (50.6-59.6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe
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Search for a high-mass dimuon resonance produced in association with b quark jets at = 13 TeV
A preprint version of the article is available at arXiv:2307.08708v2 [hep-ex], https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.08708v2 . Comments: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and the DOI. All the figures and tables can be found at https://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/EXO-22-016 (CMS Public Pages). Report number: CMS-EXO-22-016, CERN-EP-2023-122.A search for high-mass dimuon resonance production in association with one or more b quark jets is presented. The study uses proton-proton collision data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb^â1 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Model-independent limits are derived on the number of signal events with exactly one or more than one b quark jet. Results are also interpreted in a lepton-flavor-universal model with ZâČ boson couplings to a bb quark pair (gb), an sb quark pair (gbÎŽbs), and any same-flavor charged lepton (gâ) or neutrino pair (gÎœ), with |gÎœ|=|gâ|. For a ZâČ boson with a mass mZâČ = 350 GeV (2 TeV) and |ÎŽbs| < 0.25, the majority of the parameter space with 0.0057 < |gâ| < 0.35 (0.25 < |gâ| < 0.43) and 0.0079 < |gb| < 0.46 (0.34 < |gb| < 0.57) is excluded at 95% confidence level. Finally, constraints are set on a ZâČ model with parameters consistent with low-energy b â sââ measurements. In this scenario, most of the allowed parameter space is excluded for a ZâČ boson with 350 <mZâČ < 500 GeV, while the constraints are less stringent for higher mZâČ hypotheses. This is the first dedicated search at the LHC for a high-mass dimuon resonance produced in association with multiple b quark jets, and the constraints obtained on models with this signature are the most stringent to date.SCOAP3
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Search for new physics in multijet events with at least one photon and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV
A preprint version of the article is available at arXiv:2307.16216v2 [hep-ex], https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.16216v2 . Comments: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and the DOI. All the figures and tables can be found at https://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/SUS-21-009 (CMS Public Pages). Report number: CMS-SUS-21-009, CERN-EP-2023-127.A search for new physics in final states consisting of at least one photon, multiple jets, and large missing transverse momentum is presented, using proton-proton collision events at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb^â1, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC from 2016 to 2018. The events are divided into mutually exclusive bins characterized by the missing transverse momentum, the number of jets, the number of b-tagged jets, and jets consistent with the presence of hadronically decaying W, Z, or Higgs bosons. The observed data are found to be consistent with the prediction from standard model processes. The results are interpreted in the context of simplified models of pair production of supersymmetric particles via strong and electroweak interactions. Depending on the details of the signal models, gluinos and squarks of masses up to 2.35 and 1.43 TeV, respectively, and electroweakinos of masses up to 1.23 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level.SCOAP3
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Measurement of the Ï lepton polarization in Z boson decays in proton-proton collisions at âs = 13 TeV
A preprint version of the article is available at arXiv:2309.12408v2 [hep-ex], https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.12408. It has not been certified by peer review.The polarization of Ï leptons is measured using leptonic and hadronic Ï lepton decays in Z â Ï+ Ïâ events in proton-proton collisions at âs = 13 TeV recorded by CMS at the CERN LHC with an integrated luminosity of 36.3 fbâ1. The measured Ïâ lepton polarization at the Z boson mass pole is PÏ(Z) = â0.144 ± 0.006 (stat) ± 0.014 (syst) = â0.144 ± 0.015, in good agreement with the measurement of the Ï lepton asymmetry parameter of AÏ = 0.1439 ± 0.0043 = â PÏ(Z) at LEP. The Ï lepton polarization depends on the ratio of the vector to axial-vector couplings of the Ï leptons in the neutral current expression, and thus on the effective weak mixing angle sin2 ΞWeff , independently of the Z boson production mechanism. The obtained value sin2 ΞWeff = 0.2319 ± 0.0008(stat) ± 0.0018(syst) = 0.2319 ± 0.0019 is in good agreement with measurements at e+ eâ colliders. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].SCOAP3
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Search for an exotic decay of the Higgs boson into a Z boson and a pseudoscalar particle in proton-proton collisions at = 13 TeV
Data availability:
Release and preservation of data used by the CMS Collaboration as the basis for publications is guided by the CMS policy as stated in âCMS data preservation, re-use and open access policyâ (https://cms-docdb.cern.ch/cgi-bin/PublicDocDB/RetrieveFile?docid=6032&filename=CMSDataPolicyV1.2.pdf&version=2).A preprint version is available at arXiv:2311.00130v2 [hep-ex], https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.00130v2 . Comments: Replaced with the published version. Added the journal reference and the DOI. All the figures and tables, including additional supplementary figures, can be found at https://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/HIG-22-003 (CMS Public Pages). Report number: CMS-HIG-22-003, CERN-EP-2023-223.A search for an exotic decay of the Higgs boson to a Z boson and a light pseudoscalar particle (a), decaying to a pair of leptons and a pair of photons, respectively, is presented. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of âs = 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138fbâ1. The analysis probes pseudoscalar masses ma between 1 and 30 GeV, leading to two pairs of well-isolated leptons and photons. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the Higgs boson production cross section times its branching fraction to two leptons and two photons. The observed (expected) limits are in the range of 1.1â17.8 (1.7â17.9) fb within the probed ma interval. An excess of data above the expected standard model background with a local (global) significance of 2.6 (1.3) standard deviations is observed for a mass hypothesis of ma = 3 GeV. Limits on models involving axion-like particles, formulated as an effective field theory, are also reported.SCOAP3
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