Surface Plasmon mediated near-field imaging and optical addressing in nanoscience

We present an overview of recent progress in plasmonics. We focus our study on the observation and excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) with optical near-field microscopy. We discuss in particular recent applications of photon scanning tunnelling microscope (PSTM) for imaging of SPP propagating in metal and dielectric wave guides. We show how near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) can be used to optically and actively address remotely nano-objects such as quantum dots. Additionally we compare results obtained with near-field microscopy to those obtained with other optical far-field methods of analysis such as leakage radiation microscopy (LRM)

Encuesta sobre el conocimiento y manejo de los pacientes con ataque isquémico transitorio entre médicos y enfermería de Atención Primaria

Resumen: Introducción: La principal fuente de consulta de los pacientes con ataque isquémico transitorio (AIT) agudo en nuestra área sanitaria son los centros de salud de Atención Primaria. Existen muy pocos estudios sobre el conocimiento del AIT y su manejo entre profesionales de la medicina comunitaria y de familia. Objetivo: Estimar el conocimiento del AIT, su manejo y las pruebas complementarias necesarias entre médicos y personal de enfermería de Atención Primaria de nuestra área de influencia. Para ello se envió una encuesta electrónica cerrada a 640 profesionales con 7 preguntas sobre el AIT. Resultados: Se obtuvo una alta tasa de respuestas: 285 (46,7% médicos). 239 (83,9%) participantes mostraron un conocimiento adecuado de la duración del AIT. Sólo 40 (14%) de la sintomatología. Mientras que el 67% contestó adecuadamente que es necesaria una prueba de neuroimagen urgente. Sólo el 42,5% reconoció la necesidad una exploración con dúplex de troncos supraórticos precoz. Únicamente, el 35,4% conocía qué es un doppler transcraneal, mientras que el 78,2% supo que era más adecuado enviar a estos pacientes a urgencias hospitalarias. El predictor independiente de mejor conocimiento fue ser un médico de Atención Primaria (MAP) (odds ratio [OR]: 2,138; IC 95%: 1,124-4,067; p  =  0,021) pero no hubo diferencias entre MAP y enfermería en el conocimiento del manejo de estos pacientes. En enfermería fue peor el conocimiento en el ámbito rural (OR: 0,410; IC 95%: 0,189-0,891; p  =  0,024). Conclusión: El conocimiento de la actitud ante un AIT es correcto en la mayoría de casos, sin embargo es necesario mejorar el conocimiento de la sintomatología de los AIT. Abstract: Introduction: Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients often report that Primary Care physicians (PCPs) and nurses are their main medical contacts after onset of symptoms in our health area. There are few studies on the knowledge and management of TIA among Community and Family Medicine professionals. Material and methods: Our aim was to study the current knowledge and practice in the management of TIA patients among Primary Care physicians and nurses. A cross-sectional survey with seven questions about TIA was conducted among 640 PCPs and nurses from Primary Care centres in our health area. Results: In total, 285 (46.7% PCPs) took participate in the study. Of these, 239 (83.9%) participants knew the duration of a TIA. However only 40 (14%) recognised all clinical symptoms. An urgent neuroimaging was preferred by 67%. Only 42.5% agreed that an urgent cervical duplex would be useful in these patients. Transcranial Doppler was recognised by only 35.4%. A majority (78.2%) of participants agreed that TIA patients must be admitted to hospital. PCPs had the best knowledge of TIA (odds ratio [OR] 2.138; 95% CI 1.124-4.067; P  =  0.021) but there were no differences between physicians and nurses on the management of these patients. Nurses from rural Primary Care centers had the worst level of knowledge (OR 0.410; 95% CI 0.189-0.891; P  =  0.024). Conclusion: TIA was well recognized as a medical emergency. However, knowledge of clinical symptoms of TIA must be improved. Palabras clave: Manejo agudo, Atención Primaria, Ataque isquémico transitorio, Key words: Acute management, Primary care, Transient ischaemic attac

Persistence with dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: a population-based cohort study in Catalonia (Spain)

OBJECTIVES: Guidelines recommending 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STEACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were published in year 2012. We aimed to describe the influence of guideline implementation on the trend in 12-month persistence with DAPT between 2010 and 2015 and to evaluate its relationship with DAPT duration regimens recommended at discharge from PCI hospitals. DESIGN: Observational study based on region-wide registry data linked to pharmacy billing data for DAPT follow-up. SETTING: All PCI hospitals (10) belonging to the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) code network in Catalonia (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: 10 711 STEACS patients undergoing PCI between 2010 and 2015 were followed up. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was 12-month persistence with DAPT. Calendar year quarter, publication of guidelines, DAPT duration regimen recommended in the hospital discharge report, baseline patient characteristics and significant interactions were included in mixed-effects logistic regression based interrupted time-series models. RESULTS: The proportion of patients on-DAPT at 12 months increased from 58% (56-60) in 2010 to 73% (71-75) in 2015. The rate of 12-month persistence with DAPT significantly increased after the publication of clinical guidelines with a time lag of 1 year (OR=1.20; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.30). A higher risk profile, more extensive and complex coronary disease, use of drug-eluting stents (OR=1.90; 95% CI 1.50 to 2.40) and a 12-month DAPT regimen recommendation at discharge from the PCI hospital (OR=5.76; 95% CI 3.26 to 10.2) were associated with 12-month persistence. CONCLUSION: Persistence with 12-month DAPT has increased since publication of clinical guidelines. Even though most patients were discharged on DAPT, only 73% with potential indication were on-DAPT 12 months after PCI. A guideline-based recommendation at PCI hospital discharge was highly associated with full persistence with DAPT. Establishing evidence-based, common prescribing criteria across hospitals in the AMI-network would favour adherence and reduce variability

Persistence with dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome : A population-based cohort study in Catalonia (Spain)

Altres ajuts: Funding The study was supported by the Fundació la Marató de TV3 grand number 430/U/2015.Objectives Guidelines recommending 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STEACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were published in year 2012. We aimed to describe the influence of guideline implementation on the trend in 12-month persistence with DAPT between 2010 and 2015 and to evaluate its relationship with DAPT duration regimens recommended at discharge from PCI hospitals. Design Observational study based on region-wide registry data linked to pharmacy billing data for DAPT follow-up. Setting All PCI hospitals (10) belonging to the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) code network in Catalonia (Spain). Participants 10 711 STEACS patients undergoing PCI between 2010 and 2015 were followed up. Primary and secondary outcome measures Primary outcome was 12-month persistence with DAPT. Calendar year quarter, publication of guidelines, DAPT duration regimen recommended in the hospital discharge report, baseline patient characteristics and significant interactions were included in mixed-effects logistic regression based interrupted time-series models. Results The proportion of patients on-DAPT at 12 months increased from 58% (56-60) in 2010 to 73% (71-75) in 2015. The rate of 12-month persistence with DAPT significantly increased after the publication of clinical guidelines with a time lag of 1 year (OR=1.20; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.30). A higher risk profile, more extensive and complex coronary disease, use of drug-eluting stents (OR=1.90; 95% CI 1.50 to 2.40) and a 12-month DAPT regimen recommendation at discharge from the PCI hospital (OR=5.76; 95% CI 3.26 to 10.2) were associated with 12-month persistence. Conclusion Persistence with 12-month DAPT has increased since publication of clinical guidelines. Even though most patients were discharged on DAPT, only 73% with potential indication were on-DAPT 12 months after PCI. A guideline-based recommendation at PCI hospital discharge was highly associated with full persistence with DAPT. Establishing evidence-based, common prescribing criteria across hospitals in the AMI-network would favour adherence and reduce variability

Herpetic brainstem encephalitis: report of a post-mortem case studied electron microscopically and immunohisiochemically

A post-mortem examined case of herpetic brainstem encephalitis is presented. Clinically, the patient had cephalea followed by ataxia, drowsiness and multiple palsies of some cranial nerves, developing into death in eight days. The pathologic examination of the brain showed necrotizing encephalitis in multiple foci limited to the brainstem, more distinctly in the pons and medula oblongata. The technique of immunoperoxidase revealed rare glial cells with intranuclear immunoreactivity for herpes antigen. Rare viral particles with the morphological characteristics of the herpesvirus were identified in the nuclei of neurons in 10% formol fixed material. This is the second reported case of herpetic brainstem encephalitis confirmed by post-mortem examination. The pathway used by the virus to reach the central nervous system and its posterior dissemination to the oral cavity, the orbitofrontal region and the temporal lobes as well as to the brainstem, after a period of latency and reactivation, are discussed