Transversal inhomogeneities in dilute vibrofluidized granular fluids

The spontaneous symmetry breaking taking place in the direction perpendicular to the energy flux in a dilute vibrofluidized granular system is investigated, using both a hydrodynamic description and simulation methods. The latter include molecular dynamics and direct Monte Carlo simulation of the Boltzmann equation. A marginal stability analysis of the hydrodynamic equations, carried out in the WKB approximation, is shown to be in good agreement with the simulation results. The shape of the hydrodynamic profiles beyond the bifurcation is discussed

Granular clustering in a hydrodynamic simulation

We present a numerical simulation of a granular material using hydrodynamic equations. We show that, in the absence of external forces, such a system phase-separates into high density and low density regions. We show that this separation is dependent on the inelasticity of collisions, and comment on the mechanism for this clustering behavior. Our results are compatible with the granular clustering seen in experiments and molecular dynamic simulations of inelastic hard disks.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Molecular Analysis of a Major Carpel Developmental Regulator: CRABS CLAW’s Protein Domains and Non-Cell-Autonomous Action

CRABS CLAW is a small protein belonging to the YABBY family, a plant specific protein family. In Arabidopsis thaliana it is expressed in the developing carpels and regulates the apical fusion of the two carpels, transmitting tract development, lateral growth, and nectary formation. The expression of CRC is rather complex with multiple expression domains throughout the young gynoecium and as for other YABBY proteins a non-cell-autonomous action has been described. However, only few regulators of CRC expression and target genes are described and the mode of non-cell-autonomous action is still unknown. This dissertation aims to identify transcriptional regulators, responsible for the proper temporal and spatial expression of CRC, the specification of CRC’s place in the adaxial-abaxial regulatory network and to clarify the means of its non-cell-autonomous action. The regulation of CRC expression has been analyzed via a large scale Yeast-1-Hybrid screen and identified over 100 potential regulators of CRC expression, integrating CRC tightly into the carpel developmental regulatory protein network. Further analysis of CRC function through expression analysis led to the identification of target genes of CRC like mir165/166, members of the KANADI gene family, and the HD ZIP III gene family. Both gene families are major players in the adaxial-abaxial regulatory network, involved in the development of all lateral plant organs such as leaves and floral organs. CRC supports KANADI action and activates the expression of other involved factors. In addition, CRC directly targets members of the HD ZIP III family. However, CRC’s position in the adaxial- abaxial regulatory network seems to be not conserved in other eudicots. CRC exhibits a non- cell-autonomous action which is conferred by at least two signaling pathways. Abaxial polarity is regulated by the activation of the mobile miRNA165/166. At the same time, localizations of GFP tagged CRC revealed the CRC protein to be mobile as it migrates into the adaxial domain in young gynoecia. In older gynoecia it was excluded from the adaxial domain. This study identified multiple unique features of CRC compared to its relatives. Its thightly controlled expression by over 100 putative regulators, integration in complex co-expression networks, adaxial and abaxial target genes, and its two mode non-cell-autonomous action indicate the important role in the complicated carpel development.CRABS CLAW ist ein kleines Protein der pflanzenspezifischen YABBY Protein Familie. In Arabidopsis thaliana ist es in den entwickelnden Fruchtblättern exprimiert und reguliert die apikale Fusion der Fruchtblätter, die Entwicklung des Transmissionskanal (einem Bereich des Septums), die Begrenzung des lateralen Wachstums des Gynoeceums, und die Bildung der Nektarien. Die Expression von CRC ist auf mehrere Bereiche im Fruchtblatt aufgeteilt und ebenso wurde ein nicht-zell-autonomer Effekt wie für andere YABBY Proteine beschrieben. Jedoch sind nur einige wenige Regulatoren der CRC Expression und Zielgene von CRC bekannt, sowie die Natur des mobilen Signals des nicht-zell-autonomen Effektes unbekannt ist. Daher zielt diese Dissertation darauf, zusätzliche transkriptionelle Regulatoren, die für die korrekte zeitliche und räumliche Expression von CRC nötig sind, zu identifizieren, sowie CRCs Position im adaxialen-abaxialen Netzwerk zu identifizieren und die Art und Weise des nicht-zell-autonomen Effektes zu klären. Die Expression von CRC wurde durch eine groß angelegte Hefe-1-Hybrid Analyse näher untersucht und über 100 mögliche Regulatoren der CRC Expression wurden identifiziert. Dies festigt CRCs Position im gen-regulatorischen Netzwerk der Fruchtblattentwicklung. Eine weitere Analyse der CRC Funktionen mittels Expressionsanalyse führte zu der Identifikation mehrerer Zielgene wie mir165/166, Mitglieder der KANADI Genfamilie und Mitglieder der HD ZIP III Genfamilie. Beide Genfamilien sind Hauptkomponenten des adaxial–abaxialen Regulationsnetzwerkes. Dabei unterstützt CRC die Funktion der KAN Proteine und reguliert die Expression anderer involvierter Gene. Zusätzlich reguliert CRC direkt die Expression einiger HD ZIP III Gene. Wobei die Regulation der adaxial-abaxialen Regulatoren durch CRC zwischen verschiedenen Eudikotylen nicht komplett konserviert ist. CRC weist eine nicht-zell-autonome Funktion auf, die durch mindestens zwei Signalübertragungswege vermittelt wird. Zum einen reguliert CRC die abaxiale Polarität durch die Aktivierung der mobilen miRNA165/166 und zum anderen durch direkten Transport des CRC Proteins. Lokalisierungen von mit GFP markierten CRC zeigten, dass das CRC Protein in den frühen Stadien des Gyneoceums von der abaxialen Domäne in die adaxiale wandert. In späteren Stadien ist CRC auf die abaxiale Domäne begrenzt. Diese Studie konnte mehrere einzigartige CRC Charakteristika identifizieren, die CRC von den anderen Mitgliedern der YABBY Familie unterscheidet. Seine stark kontrollierte Expression durch mehr als 100 mögliche Regulatoren, die Integration in ein kompliziertes Co- Expressions Netzwerk, adaxiale und abaxiale Zielgene, und mindestens zwei Möglichkeiten zur nicht-zell-autonomen Regulation, zeigen eindringlich die wichtige Rolle CRCs in der komplexen Karpellentwicklung auf

Cerebral perfusion in sepsis

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2010 (Springer Verlag) and co-published as a series in Critical Care. Other articles in the series can be found online at http://ccforum.com/series/yearbook. Further information about the Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/2855

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362