Dosadašnje stanje rasprostranjenosti nekih neofita u Hrvatskoj

During research into neophyte distribution in Croatia, a total of 332 new localities for 21 neophyte species has been discovered. The most numerous are new localities of Bidens subalternans (52), followed by Impatiens glandulifera (49), Aster squamatus (43), Impatiens balfourii (29), Datura inoxia (25), Euphorbia prostrata (11), Galinsoga parviflora (17), Amaranthus albus (14), Galinsoga quadriradiata (15), Diplotaxis erucoides (11), Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum (9), Phytolacca americana (12), Artemisia verlotiorum (7), Chamomilla suaveolens (7), Xanthium spinosum (7), Eleusine indica (6), Euphorbia maculata (7), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (5), Paspalum paspalodes (3), Euphorbia nutans (2) and Paspalum dilatatum (1). The majority of the species investigated occur in all localities in a great number, only a few of them occurring individually.Istraživanjem rasprostranjenosti neofita u Hrvatskoj ukupno je otkriveno 332 novih nalazišta za 21 neofitsku vrstu. Najviše novih nalazišta ima vrsta Bidens subalternans (52), zatim slijede Impatiens glandulifera (49), Aster squamatus (43), Impatiens balfourii (29), Datura inoxia (25), Euphorbia prostrata (11), Galinsoga parviflora (17), Amaranthus albus (14), Galinsoga quadriradiata (15), Diplotaxis erucoides (11), Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum (9), Phytolacca americana (12), Artemisia verlotiorum (7), Chamomilla suaveolens (7), Xanthium spinosum (7), Eleusine indica (6), Euphorbia maculata (7), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (5), Paspalum paspalodes (3), Euphorbia nutans (2) i Paspalum dilatatum (1). Najveći broj istraživanih neofitskih vrsta pojavljuje se u velikoj množini na svim lokalitetima, a vrlo mali broj vrsta pojedinačno

Washing treatment impact on print quality of screen printed knitted fabrics

The surface of textile materials is highly textured, commonly in non-uniform ways. Because of this texture effect, textile surface appears rougher and more porous than other printing substrates, which can cause excessive ink penetration during printing process. Next, washing process is very important factor because it influences ink characteristics on printed samples as well as structural changes of the textile substrate. The aim of this paper is to determine the influences of washing process and different mesh tread count used for printing on print quality. This will be obtained by using spectrophotometric analysis, and GLCM image processing method for print mottle estimation. The results of this research show that increasing number of washing processes leads to higher color differences reproduction color in comparison to printed materials before washing. It also shows that textile surface texture has a great influence on print mottle as well as that number of washing treatment series can generate variations of solid-tone print uniformity. Keywords: cotton, different thread count, GLCM, spectrophotometric analysis, series of washing process

Refinement of Individual Tree Detection Results Obtained from Airborne Laser Scanning Data for a Mixed Natural Forest

Numerous semi- and fully-automatic algorithms have been developed for individual tree detection from airborne laser-scanning data, but different rates of falsely detected treetops also accompany their results. In this paper, we proposed an approach that includes a machine learning-based refinement step to reduce the number of falsely detected treetops. The approach involves the local maxima filtering and segmentation of the canopy height model to extract different segment-level features used for the classification of treetop candidates. The study was conducted in a mixed temperate forest, predominantly deciduous, with a complex topography and an area size of 0.6 km × 4 km. The classification model’s training was performed by five machine learning approaches: Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting, Artificial Neural Network, the Support Vector Machine, and Logistic Regression. The final classification model with optimal hyperparameters was adopted based on the best-performing classifier (RF). The overall accuracy (OA) and kappa coefficient (κ) obtained from the ten-fold cross validation for the training data were 90.4% and 0.808, respectively. The prediction of the test data resulted in an OA = 89.0% and a κ = 0.757. This indicates that the proposed method could be an adequate solution for the reduction of falsely detected treetops before tree crown segmentation, especially in deciduous forests

Molecular Identification and Characterisation of Aspergillus flavus Isolates Originating from Serbian Wheat Grains

During previous years. regarding the shifts in climate conditions in temperate region, such as occurrence of high temperatures and prolonged drought, increased occurrence frequencies of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins in cereal grains were recorded. A reliable and accurate identification of the fungi is of great importance for evaluating the microbiological risks of contamination. The essential point of the present investigation was molecular characterisation and identification of A. flavus isolates originating from common wheat and spelt grains collected after harvest during the period of three years (2015-2017) in Northern Serbia. A holistic approach that included PCR amplification of two DNA genomic regions and PCR-RFLP assay followed by fragment length analysis, provided complete and comprehensive characterisation of A. Amiss isolated from wheat grains. The presented results indicate that there was no difference among the tested A. spergillus isolates on the molecular-genetic level. All 38 strains were identified as A. flavus by sequencing of combined ITS region and beta-tubulin gene fragments (ace. no.: MH582473 to MH582510). PCR-RFLP method in combination with a Lab-on-a-chip (LoaC) electrophoresis can be successfully used to rapidly identify A. flavus isolates

Uloga Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson i drugih vrsta gljiva u biodegradaciji ohratoksina A

Nine isolates of fungi of genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Paecilomyces and Penicillium were cultured on the modified Vogel's medium with the addition of crude ochratoxin A (OTA) extract. This crude OTA extract was derived from a natural solid substrate on which Aspergillus ochraceus strain CBS 108.08 was cultivated. OTA was isolated, partially purified, dried by evaporating and dissolved in ethanol (1 mg ml-1), and added to the test medium up to the final concentration of 10 μg ml-1. The presence of OTA residues was determined after 7 and 14 day cultivation of fungi in the test medium at 27±1°C. The Paecilomyces lilacinus isolate (Inf. 2/A), which completely degraded OTA (150 μg) after only seven days, was selected for further studies. Wet sterile rice grains (50 g + 25 ml distilled water) were inoculated with individual isolates of fungi A. ochraceus (strain CBS 108.08) and P. lilacinus (isolate Inf. 2/A), and with their combination. In the case of P. lilacinus monoculture, 0.9 mg of crude OTA was also added into cultivation substrate. Each test was done in three replications. After the four week cultivation of individual and combined fungi at 27±1°C, inoculated rice grains were dried to the constant weight and pulverized. OTA was determined in these samples by the application of standard TLC method for fodder analysis. OTA in the amount of 61.310 μg kg-1 dry matter (DM) was determined only in the samples inoculated with a producer of ochratoxin A (A. ochraceus, strain CBS 108.08). On the other hand, a much smaller amount of OTA (80 μg kg-1 DM) was detected in samples inoculated with combined cultures of A. ochraceus and P. lilacinus isolates. Gained results indicate that P. lilacinus degraded, on average, 99.8% of OTA. After four week cultivation, the same fungal isolate in the samples of wet sterile rice kernels with the addition of 0.9 mg of crude OTA, completely degraded added crude OTA ( lt 8 μg kg-1).Devet izolata gljiva iz rodova Aspergillus, Fusarium, Paecilomyces i Penicillium gajeno je na modifikovanoj Vogelovoj podlozi sa dodatkom sirovog ekstrakta ohratoksina A (OTA). Sirovi ekstrakt OTA je dobijen iz čvrstog prirodnog supstrata na kojem je gajen soj Aspergillus ochraceus CBS 108.08. Izolovan i delimično prečišćen OTA, uparen do suvog ostatka i rastvoren u etanolu (1 mg ml-1), dodat je u test podlogu do finalne koncentracije 10 μg ml-1. Nakon sedam i 14 dana gajenja kultura gljiva u test podlozi na 27 ± 1°C de terminisano je prisustvo rezidua OTA primenom modifikovane metode Filtenborg-a i sar. (1983). Od devet testiranih izolata za dalja ispitivanja je odabran izolat Paecilomyces lilacinus (Inf. 2/A), koji je već posle sedam dana u potpunosti razgradio inicijalnu količinu OTA (150 μg). U drugom delu eksperimenta vlažno sterilno zrno pirinča (50 g + 25 ml destilovane vode) zasejano je sa pojedinačnim izolatima A. ochraceus (CBS 108.08) i P. lilacinus (Inf. 2-A), kao i kombinacijom oba izolata. U slučaju mono-kulture P. lilacinus u podlogu je dodat i sirovi OTA (0,9 mg). Svaki od testova je urađen u 3 ponavljanja. Nakon četiri nedelje gajenja monokultura i mešanih kul tura gljiva na 27±1°C, inokulisana zrna su osušena do konstantne težine i sa mlevena do finog praha. U ovim uzorcima izvršena je determinacija OTA primenom standardne metode tankoslojne hromatografije za analizu stočne hrane. U uzorcima koji su bili zasejani samo sa producentom OTA (A. ochraceus, soj CBS 108.08) detektovan je OTA u prosečnoj količini od 61.310 μg kg-1 suvog ostatka. U uzorcima koji su bili zasejani kombinovanim kulturama izolata A. ochraceus i P. lilacinus utvrđena je znatno manja prosečna količina OTA (80 μg kg-1). Ovi rezultati ukazuju da je izolat P. lilacinus razgradio prosečno 99,8% OTA prisutnog u podlozi za kultivaciju. U uzorcima vlažnog sterilnog zrna pirinča sa dodatkom 0,9 mg sirovog OTA isti gljivični izolat je posle četiri nedelje kultivacije kompletno biorazgradio dodat sirovi OTA ( lt 8 μg kg-1)

EUNIS Habitat Classification: Expert system, characteristic species combinations and distribution maps of European habitats

Aim: The EUNIS Habitat Classification is a widely used reference framework for European habitat types (habitats), but it lacks formal definitions of individual habitats that would enable their unequivocal identification. Our goal was to develop a tool for assigning vegetation‐plot records to the habitats of the EUNIS system, use it to classify a European vegetation‐plot database, and compile statistically‐derived characteristic species combinations and distribution maps for these habitats. Location: Europe. Methods: We developed the classification expert system EUNIS‐ESy, which contains definitions of individual EUNIS habitats based on their species composition and geographic location. Each habitat was formally defined as a formula in a computer language combining algebraic and set‐theoretic concepts with formal logical operators. We applied this expert system to classify 1,261,373 vegetation plots from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and other databases. Then we determined diagnostic, constant and dominant species for each habitat by calculating species‐to‐habitat fidelity and constancy (occurrence frequency) in the classified data set. Finally, we mapped the plot locations for each habitat. Results: Formal definitions were developed for 199 habitats at Level 3 of the EUNIS hierarchy, including 25 coastal, 18 wetland, 55 grassland, 43 shrubland, 46 forest and 12 man‐made habitats. The expert system classified 1,125,121 vegetation plots to these habitat groups and 73,188 to other habitats, while 63,064 plots remained unclassified or were classified to more than one habitat. Data on each habitat were summarized in factsheets containing habitat description, distribution map, corresponding syntaxa and characteristic species combination. Conclusions: EUNIS habitats were characterized for the first time in terms of their species composition and distribution, based on a classification of a European database of vegetation plots using the newly developed electronic expert system EUNIS‐ESy. The data provided and the expert system have considerable potential for future use in European nature conservation planning, monitoring and assessment

Classification of mesic grasslands and their transitions of South Transdanubia (Hungary)

Relevés from meadows and pastures of South Transdanubia (Hungary) are evaluated by clustering and ordination methods. The relevé selection focused on the Arrhenatheretalia order but its transitions towards other types were also included. The groups of relevés are delimited and described according to differential, dominant and constant species. Ecological conditions of the groups were compared using indicator values. Nine groups were distinguished, four of them belonging strictly to the order Arrhenatheretalia. Each alliance of Arrhenatheretalia presented in the study area (Cynosurion, Arrhenatherion) was represented by two groups. Groups from these two alliances are separated along a light gradient, while groups of the same alliance differ in nutrient values. Within Cynosurion, the nutrient-poor group cannot be identified unambiguously as any syntaxa previously known from Hungary. The nutrient-rich Cynosurion meadows are similar to Lolio–Cynosuretum, however, they show a stronger relationship with wet meadows. Within Arrhenatherion, Pastinaco–Arrhenatheretum is recognised as a hay meadow of nutrient-rich soils. The other meadow type is similar to Filipendulo–Arrhenatheretum, thus raising syntaxonomical problems. There are transitional groups towards semi-dry and wet meadows, one dynamic phase and one outlier group among the other five clusters

European Vegetation Archive (EVA): An integrated database of European vegetation plots

© 2016 International Association for Vegetation Science. The European Vegetation Archive (EVA) is a centralized database of European vegetation plots developed by the IAVS Working Group European Vegetation Survey. It has been in development since 2012 and first made available for use in research projects in 2014. It stores copies of national and regional vegetation- plot databases on a single software platform. Data storage in EVA does not affect on-going independent development of the contributing databases, which remain the property of the data contributors. EVA uses a prototype of the database management software TURBOVEG 3 developed for joint management of multiple databases that use different species lists. This is facilitated by the SynBioSys Taxon Database, a system of taxon names and concepts used in the individual European databases and their corresponding names on a unified list of European flora. TURBOVEG 3 also includes procedures for handling data requests, selections and provisions according to the approved EVA Data Property and Governance Rules. By 30 June 2015, 61 databases from all European regions have joined EVA, contributing in total 1 027 376 vegetation plots, 82% of them with geographic coordinates, from 57 countries. EVA provides a unique data source for large-scale analyses of European vegetation diversity both for fundamental research and nature conservation applications. Updated information on EVA is available online at http://euroveg.org/eva-database

Mikopopulacije silaže od lucerke, s posebnim osvrtom na prisustvo toksigenih Fusarium vrsta

Mycological and mycotoxicological investigations of alfalfa samples (initial not fermented plant material, as well as silage obtained from unfaded and faded state of the same) were performed during the year 2003. Total of 14 fungal species, included in 11 genera, were identified during the present study. The most frequent moulds were Chaetomium piluliferum and their anamorph Botryotrichum piluliferum (83.3% and 66.7% respectively). Potentially toxigenic Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. semitectum and F. sporotrichioides) were observed less frequently (from 16.7% to 33.0%) and only on initial not fermented alfalfa. From the sample of alfalfa faded state contaminated with 0.25 mg/kg of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and 1.28 mg/kg of zearalenone (ZEA) F. semitectum SL-B was isolated. The production of fusariotoxins by this strain was later on tested in vitro conditions. Different aeration treatments in semisynthetic medium with glucose (GPK) or sucrose (SPK), as well as cultivation on sterilized corn kernels (moisture content 47%) were used. The highest yield of DAS (64.0 mg/l) was obtained during submerged cultivation of F. semitectum SL-B in GPK (210 rpms, 3 days room temperature). Production of T-2 toxin, but rather poor (0.08 mg/1), was detected only in SPK (150 rpms, 3 days, room temperature). ZEA was found exclusively after 25 days of cultivation on corn kernels at room temperature (21-25°C).Tokom 2003. god. izvršena su mikološka i mikotoksikološka istraživanja uzoraka lucerke (neprovenuli, provenuli polazni materijal i silaža od istih). Identifikovano je ukupno 14 vrsta, odnosno 11 rodova gljiva od kojih su sa najvećom učestalošću zabeleženi Chaetomium piluliferum i njegov anamorf Bolryotrichum piluliferum (83.3 odnosno 66.7%). Potencijalno toksigene Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. semilectum i F. sporotrichioides) uočene su znatno ređe (od 16.7 do 33.0%). Iz uzorka provenule lucerke kontaminirane sa zearalenonom (ZEA) i diacetoksiscirpenolom (DAS) izolovan je soj F. semitectum SL-B čija je sposobnost za biosintezu fuzariotoksina ispitana u in vitro uslovima. Najveći prinos DAS-a (64.0 mg/l) je postignut pri subverznoj kultivaciji u tečnoj podlozi sa glukozom. Slaba proizvodnja T-2 toksina (0.08 mg/kg) je dobijena samo u tečnoj podlozi sa saharozom. ZEA je nađen isključivo pri kultivaciji na vlažnom sterilnom zrnu kukuruza (6.4 mg/kg)