6,753 research outputs found
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations inspired by epitaxial graphene growth
Graphene, a flat monolayer of carbon atoms packed tightly into a two
dimensional hexagonal lattice, has unusual electronic properties which have
many promising nanoelectronic applications. Recent Low Energy Electron
Microscopy (LEEM) experiments show that the step edge velocity of epitaxially
grown 2D graphene islands on Ru(0001) varies with the fifth power of the
supersaturation of carbon adatoms. This suggests that graphene islands grow by
the addition of clusters of five atoms rather than by the usual mechanism of
single adatom attachment.
We have carried out Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations in order to further
investigate the general scenario of epitaxial growth by the attachment of
mobile clusters of atoms. We did not seek to directly replicate the Gr/Ru(0001)
system but instead considered a model involving mobile tetramers of atoms on a
square lattice. Our results show that the energy barrier for tetramer break up
and the number of tetramers that must collide in order to nucleate an immobile
island are the important parameters for determining whether, as in the
Gr/Ru(0001) system, the adatom density at the onset of island nucleation is an
increasing function of temperature. A relatively large energy barrier for
adatom attachment to islands is required in order for our model to produce an
equilibrium adatom density that is a large fraction of the nucleation density.
A large energy barrier for tetramer attachment to islands is also needed for
the island density to dramatically decrease with increasing temperature. We
show that islands grow with a velocity that varies with the fourth power of the
supersaturation of adatoms when tetramer attachment is the dominant process for
island growth
Quantum Monte Carlo study of the phase diagram of solid molecular hydrogen at extreme pressures.
Establishing the phase diagram of hydrogen is a major challenge for experimental and theoretical physics. Experiment alone cannot establish the atomic structure of solid hydrogen at high pressure, because hydrogen scatters X-rays only weakly. Instead, our understanding of the atomic structure is largely based on density functional theory (DFT). By comparing Raman spectra for low-energy structures found in DFT searches with experimental spectra, candidate atomic structures have been identified for each experimentally observed phase. Unfortunately, DFT predicts a metallic structure to be energetically favoured at a broad range of pressures up to 400 GPa, where it is known experimentally that hydrogen is non-metallic. Here we show that more advanced theoretical methods (diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculations) find the metallic structure to be uncompetitive, and predict a phase diagram in reasonable agreement with experiment. This greatly strengthens the claim that the candidate atomic structures accurately model the experimentally observed phases.We thank Dominik Jochym for help with the implementation of the BLYP density functional. Financial support was provided by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), U.K. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. Additional calculations were performed on the Cambridge High Performance Computing Service facility Darwin and the N8 high-performance computing facility provided and funded by the N8 consortium and EPSRC (Grant No. EP/K000225/1). We thank Dominik Jochym for help with the mplementation of the BLYP density functional. Financial support was provided by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), U.K. This research used resources of the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. Additional calculations were performed on the Cambridge High Performance Computing Service facility Darwin and the N8 high-performance computing facility provided and funded by the N8 consortium and EPSRC (Grant No. EP/K000225/1).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms879
Evidence for ablated flows in the shell of nova DQ Her
High-resolution longslit Halpha spectra of the shell of the old nova DQ Her
have been obtained with the William Herschel Telescope using the ISIS
spectrograph. An equatorial expansion velocity of 370+/-14 km/s is derived from
the spectra which, in conjunction with a narrowband Halpha image of the
remnant, allows a distance estimate of 525+/-28 pc. An equatorial ring which
exhibits enhanced [NII] emission has also been detected and the inclination
angle of the shell is found to be 86.8+/-0.2 degrees with respect to the line
of sight. The spectra also reveal tails extending from the clumps in the shell,
which have a radial velocity increasing along their length. This suggests the
presence of a stellar wind, collimated in the polar direction, which ablates
fragments of material from the clumps and accelerates them into its stream up
to a terminal velocity of order 800-900 km/s.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure
Radio emission models of Colliding-Wind Binary Systems
We present calculations of the spatial and spectral distribution of the radio
emission from a wide WR+OB colliding-wind binary system based on
high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations and solutions to the radiative
transfer equation. We account for both thermal and synchrotron radio emission,
free-free absorption in both the unshocked stellar wind envelopes and the
shocked gas, synchrotron self-absorption, and the Razin effect. The
applicability of these calculations to modelling radio images and spectra of
colliding-wind systems is demonstrated with models of the radio emission from
the wide WR+OB binary WR147. Its synchrotron spectrum follows a power-law
between 5 and 15 GHz but turns down to below this at lower and higher
frequencies. We find that while free-free opacity from the circum-binary
stellar winds can potentially account for the low-frequency turnover, models
that also include a combination of synchrotron self-absorption and Razin effect
are favoured. We argue that the high-frequency turn down is a consequence of
inverse-Compton cooling. We present our resulting spectra and intensity
distributions, along with simulated MERLIN observations of these intensity
distributions. From these we argue that the inclination of the WR147 system to
the plane of the sky is low. We summarise by considering extensions of the
current model that are important for models of the emission from closer
colliding wind binaries, in particular the dramatically varying radio emission
of WR140.Comment: 18 pages, 18 figures; Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics, July 8,
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The Influence of Superpositional Wave Function Oscillations on Shor's Quantum Algorithm
We investigate the influence of superpositional wave function oscillations on
the performance of Shor's quantum algorithm for factorization of integers. It
is shown that the wave function oscillations can destroy the required quantum
interference. This undesirable effect can be routinely eliminated using a
resonant pulse implementation of quantum computation, but requires special
analysis for non-resonant implementations.Comment: 4 pages, NO figures, revte
Protocol for Monitoring Aquatic Invertebrates of Small Streams in the Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network, Version 2.1
Executive Summary
The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) is a component of the National Park Service’s (NPS) strategy to improve park management through greater reliance on scientific information. The purposes of this program are to design and implement long-term ecological monitoring and provide information for park managers to evaluate the integrity of park ecosystems and better understand ecosystem processes. Concerns over declining surface water quality have led to the development of various monitoring approaches to assess stream water quality. Freshwater streams in network parks are threatened by numerous stressors, most of which originate outside park boundaries. Stream condition and ecosystem health are dependent on processes occurring in the entire watershed as well as riparian and floodplain areas; therefore, they cannot be manipulated independently of this interrelationship. Land use activities—such as timber management, landfills, grazing, confined animal feeding operations, urbanization, stream channelization, removal of riparian vegetation and gravel, and mineral and metals mining—threaten stream quality. Accordingly, the framework for this aquatic monitoring is directed towards maintaining the ecological integrity of the streams in those parks.
Invertebrates are an important tool for understanding and detecting changes in ecosystem integrity, and they can be used to reflect cumulative impacts that cannot otherwise be detected through traditional water quality monitoring. The broad diversity of invertebrate species occurring in aquatic systems similarly demonstrates a broad range of responses to different environmental stressors. Benthic invertebrates are sensitive to the wide variety of impacts that influence Ozark streams. Benthic invertebrate community structure can be quantified to reflect stream integrity in several ways, including the absence of pollution sensitive taxa, dominance by a particular taxon combined with low overall taxa richness, or appreciable shifts in community composition relative to reference condition. Furthermore, changes in the diversity and community structure of benthic invertebrates are relatively simple to communicate to resource managers and the public. To assess the natural and anthropogenic processes influencing invertebrate communities, this protocol has been designed to incorporate the spatial relationship of benthic invertebrates with their local habitat including substrate size and embeddedness, and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity). Rigid quality control and quality assurance are used to ensure maximum data integrity. Detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and supporting information are associated with this protocol
Answers that Have Integrity
[EN] Answers to queries in possibly inconsistent databases may
not have integrity. We formalize ‘has integrity’ on the basis of a definition
of ‘causes’. A cause of an answer is a minimal excerpt of the database
that explains why the answer has been given. An answer has integrity if
one of its causes does not overlap with any cause of integrity violation.Supported by FEDER and the Spanish grants TIN2009-14460-C03, TIN2010-17139.Decker, H. (2011). Answers that Have Integrity. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 6834:54-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23441-5S5472683
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