Ecología de la germinación de la semillas de Pinus sylvestris L. en el límite sur de su distribución

Seed germination of Pinus sylvestris L. in south eastern Spain was studied under field and growth chamber conditions to assess the effect of the most representative microhabitats of these forests. Under growth chamber conditions, germination was high (almost 95%) in the litter from all microhabitats. Germination under field conditions was highest (up to 95%) in shade-free microhabitats and therefore higher soil temperature (e.g. areas of bare soil and meadows), and lowest (down to 62%) in microhabitats with dense canopy shade and thus lower soil temperature (e.g. under the canopy of pines and under the canopy of juniper). Nevertheless, germination was high also in shaded microhabitats in a year with high rainfall during the germination period, supporting the hypothesis that germination was determined by a combination of appropriate levels of soil temperature, moisture, and light intensity. In contrast, biotic speciesspecific characteristics of the microhabitat were not relevant. Germination may thus reach high percentages in all the microhabitats of the understory during rainy years that ensure appropriate soil moisture during the germination period. However, during dry years germination will concentrate in sunny microhabitats because they reach higher soil temperature early in the season before soil desiccation. These patterns have implications for forest management and stand regeneration via direct seeding.Se analiza la germinación de las semillas de pino silvestre en el límite sur de su distribución (Sierra Nevada) mediante experimentos de campo y de laboratorio en una muestra de diez microhábitats que representan la mayoría de los lugares en los que se encuentran las semillas tras la dispersión en estos bosques. En condiciones de laboratorio, las semillas mostraron una alta tasa de germinación (en torno al 95%) en la hojarasca de todos los microhábitats. En el campo las semillas mostraron una tasa de germinación mayor (en torno al 95%) en microhábitats directamente expuestos al sol y por tanto con mayor temperatura (e.g. suelo sin vegetación y prados de herbáceas) y una menor tasa bajo plantas con copa espesa que generan un microhábitat sombreado y con menor temperatura (bajo copa de pinos adultos y bajo copa de enebros). No obstante, durante un año lluvioso la tasa de germinación en microhábitats sombreados se incrementó considerablemente, sugiriendo que la germinación está controlada por una combinación adecuada de radiación, humedad y temperatura. Por el contrario, no se detectó ningún efecto biótico relacionado con el microhábitat, como alelopatía. La germinación de las semillas de pino silvestre en estos bosques puede por tanto alcanzar valores altos en todos los microhábitats durante años con primavera lluviosa que asegure la confluencia de humedad y temperatura apropiada en el suelo. Sin embargo, en años con primaveras más secas la germinación se concentrará en microhábitats con alta radiación, ya que la mayor temperatura del suelo permitirá una rápida germinación antes de que se produzca la desecación del sustrato. Estos patrones deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de planificar la regeneración del bosque mediante la siembra de semillas

El empleo de la cascarilla de algodón en la alimentación de ganado bovino de cebo

Los autores realizan una experiencia de cebo sobre e1nco lotes de bovinos de raza frisona y retinta, con un total de 137 animlles, empleando como alimentos cascarilla de algodón, y cascarilla de algodón más un 30 por 100 de mazorca integral de maiz. Se obtienen incrementos diarios de 1,09 Kg con un consumo energético de 21,7 Mcal/cabeza y día. Los resultados satisfactorios obtenidos, deben atribuirse, fundamentalmente, al alto valor nutritivo de la cascarilla empleada

Human or Computer Assisted Interactive Transcription: Automated Text Recognition, Text Annotation, and Scholarly Edition in the Twenty-First Century

Computer assisted transcription tools can speed up the initial process of reading and transcribing texts. At the same time, new annotation tools open new ways of accessing the text in its graphical form. The balance and value of each method still needs to be explored. STATE, a complete assisted transcription system for ancient documents, was presented to the audience of the 2013 International Medieval Congress at Leeds. The system offers a multimodal interaction environment to assist humans in transcribing ancient documents: the user can type, write on the screen with a stylus, or utter a word. When one of these actions is used to correct an erroneous word, the system uses this new information to look for other mistakes in the rest of the line. The system is modular, composed of different parts: one part creates projects from a set of images of documents, another part controls an automatic transcription system, and the third part allows the user to interact with the transcriptions and easily correct them as needed. This division of labour allows great flexibility for organising the work in a team of transcribers.Las herramientas de ayuda a la transcripción automática pueden acelerar el proceso inicial de la lectura y transcripción de textos. Al mismo tiempo, las nuevas herramientas de anotación aportan nuevas formas de acceder al texto en su forma original gráfica. Sin embargo, todavía es necesario evaluar las bondades y capacidades de los distintos métodos. STATE, un completo sistema de asistencia a la transcripción de documentos antiguos, se presentó a la audiencia del International Medieval Congress de 2013 celebrado en Leeds. El sistema ofrece un entorno de interacción multimodal para ayudar a las personas en la transcripción de documentos antiguos: el usuario puede teclear, escribir en la pantalla con un lápiz óptico o corregir usando la voz. Cada vez que el usuario cambia de esta forma una palabra, el sistema utiliza la corrección para buscar errores en el resto de la línea. El sistema está dividido en diferentes módulos: uno crea proyectos a partir de un conjunto de imágenes de documentos, otro módulo controla el sistema de transcripción automática, y un tercer módulo permite al usuario interactuar con las transcripciones y corregirlas fácilmente cuando sea necesario. Esta división de las tareas permite una gran flexibilidad para organizar el trabajo de los transcriptores en equipo

Seedling emergence and establishment of Pinus sylvestris in the Mongolian forest-steppe ecotone

Syftet med studien är att undersöka och beskriva pedagogers uppfattningar av hur de skapar delaktighet och inflytande, i en kommuns förskoleverksamhet och organisation.Mina frågeställningar är hur pedagogerna beskriver sina möjligheter och hinder för att få och skapa delaktighet och inflytande, samt vilka inre och yttre faktorer som finns som påverkar möjligheten för delaktighet och inflytande.För att undersöka detta har jag valt en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Jag har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju pedagoger. Det empiriska materialet har bearbetats kvalitativt i en empirinära ansats.I resultatet såg jag att ett större fokus på processkvaliteten behöver läggas och medvetenheten behöver ökas, kring den pedagogiska dokumentationens betydelse.Sammanfattningsvis behöver den undersökta kommunens förskolor en gemensam samsyn i hela systemet i ett förståelsebaserat och tolkande perspektiv som gynnar en långsiktig och hållbar utveckling.Participation and influence in the preschool, a study with teachers in one municipality.The purpose of this study is to explore and describe teacher’s perceptions of how they create participation and influence, in a municipality´s preschool and organization.My questions are how teachers describe their opportunities and barriers to get and create participation and influence, and what internal and external factors that affecting the ability of participation and influence.To examine this, I have chosen a qualitative research approach. I have conducted semi structured interviews, with seven teachers. The empirical data have been processed in a qualitative empirical closely approach.In the result, I found that a greater focus on process quality needs to be added and awareness needs to be increased, on the pedagogic documentations significances.In conclusion, needs the municipal preschools, which have been examined, get a common consensus of the entire system in a understanding based and interpretive perspective, that support a long term and sustainable development

Economic Valuation of Health Care Services in Public Health Systems: A Study about Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Nursing Consultations

Background: Identifying the economic value assigned by users to a particular health service is of principal interest in planning the service. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of economic value of nursing consultation in primary care (PC) by its users. Methods and Results: Economic study using contingent valuation methodology. A total of 662 users of nursing consultation from 23 health centers were included. Data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health needs, pattern of usage, and satisfaction with provided service were compiled. The validity of the response was evaluated by an explanatory mixed-effects multilevel model in order to assess the factors associated with the response according to the welfare theory. Response reliability was also evaluated. Subjects included in the study indicated an average Willingness to Pay (WTP) of €14.4 (CI 95%: €13.2–15.5; median €10) and an average Willingness to Accept [Compensation] (WTA) of €20.9 (CI 95%: €19.6–22.2; median €20). Average area income, personal income, consultation duration, home visit, and education level correlated with greater WTP. Women and older subjects showed lower WTP. Fixed parameters explained 8.41% of the residual variability, and response clustering in different health centers explained 4–6% of the total variability. The influence of income on WTP was different in each center. The responses for WTP and WTA in a subgroup of subjects were consistent when reassessed after 2 weeks (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.952 and 0.893, respectively). Conclusions: The economic value of nursing services provided within PC in a public health system is clearly perceived by its user. The perception of this value is influenced by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the subjects and their environment, and by the unique characteristics of the evaluated service. The method of contingent valuation is useful for making explicit this perception of value of health services

Physical and chemical properties of soils irrigated with vinasses for the cultivation of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in the central region of Veracruz, Mexico

Objective: To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of a soil with vinasse application (two years) (V), compared to a soil without vinasse (W/V). Design/methodology/approach: In both agroecosystems, the evaluated parameters were texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrates (NO3) and total nitrogen (TN) according to standardized methods in NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000. Results: There were no significant changes (p>0.05) in the pH and electrical conductivity, however, the application of vinasse significantly increased (p˂0.05) the content of TN (1.52%), K (112.00 mg L-1) and OM (4.52%) in relation to soils W/V (0.78%, 25.60 mg L-1, 7.40 mg L-1, 2.75%, respectively). Limitations on study/implications: In Veracruz state, there are few studies that allow knowing the contributions, and physical and chemical effects on soils irrigated with vinasses. Findings/conclusions: Even though, the vinasse used showed a positive effect on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (V), the mineral fertilization program must be reformulated to increase the concentration of potassium and phosphorus in soils with silt loam texture. In addition, it is recommended to adjust and normalize the dose of N that vinasse can provide instead of conventional fertilizers. Keywords: Soil fertility, sugarcane, vinasses.Objective: To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of a soil irrigated with vinasse for two years (+V), compared with a soil without vinasse (-V) application.Design/Methodology/Approach: The following parameters were evaluated for both agroecosystems: texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrate (NO 3 ), and total nitrogen (TN). The evaluation followed the standardized methods established in NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000.Results: There were no significant changes (p > 0.05) in the soil’s pH and electrical conductivity. However, the application of vinasse significantly increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of TN (1.52%), K (112.00 mg L -1 ), and OM (4.52%) in relation to soils - V (0.78%, 25.60 mg L -1 , 7.40 mg L-1 , and 2.75%, respectively). Study Limitations/Implications: There are few studies about the contributions and the physical and chemical effects of soil irrigation with vinasses in the State of Veracruz.Findings/Conclusions: Even though vinasse had a positive effect on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, the mineral fertilization program must be reformulated to increase the K and P concentration in soils with silt loam texture. In addition, we recommend adjusting and normalizing the dose of N that vinasse can provide to complement conventional fertilizers