Parameterization and quantification of recharge in crystalline fractured bedrocks in Galicia-Costa (NW Spain)

Quantifying groundwater recharge in crystalline rocks presents great difficulties due to the high heterogeneity of the underground medium (mainly, due to heterogeneity in fracture network, which determines hydraulic parameters of the bedrock like hydraulic conductivity or effective porosity). Traditionally these rocks have been considered to have very low permeability, and their groundwater resources have usually been neglected; however, they can be of local importance when the bedrock presents a net of well-developed fractures. The current European Water Framework Directive requires an efficient management of all groundwater resources; this begins with a proper knowledge of the aquifer and accurate recharge estimation. In this study, an assessment of groundwater resources in the Spanish hydrologic district of Galicia-Costa, dominated by granitic and metasedimentary rocks, was carried out. A water-balance modeling approach was used for estimating recharge rates in nine pilot catchments representatives of both geologic materials. These results were cross-validated with an independent technique, i.e. the chloride mass balance (CMB). A relation among groundwater recharge and annual precipitation according to two different logistic curves was found for both granites and metasedimentary rocks, thus allowing the parameterization of recharge by means of only a few hydrogeological parameters. Total groundwater resources in Galicia-Costa were estimated to be 4427 hm<sup>3</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>. An analysis of spatial and temporal variability of recharge was also carried out

Abuso de sustancias y percepción de la salud en niños y adolescentes españoles

[EN] Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze subs- tance abuse and health self-perception in children and adolescents from the province of Cádiz (Spain). Methodology: Participants were 738 students, 50.9 boys and 49.1% girls, from elementary school to high school (1 st to 12 th grade, mean age 12.2. years), who res- ponded a Spanish adaptation of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children Inventory. Results: No difference was observed in percentage of boys and girls reporting to smoke or drink alcohol. Smo- king and drinking habits increased with age, being higher in 11 th and 12 th grade students. Significant differences were observed among the percentage of smokers and non smokers recognizing to have parents, older brothers or friends who smoke. Rates of drug abuse were generally low, being cannabis the most frequently consumed illicit drug. Most respondents had a perception of excellent or good health, with no significant gender differences. About half of subjects considered that health exclusively depends on self behavior, but an important percentage also gave a relevant role to luck. Stomach-ache was the most frequent physical complaint, followed by headache. Psychological complaints mainly corresponded to ner- vousness and bad temper. Only a small percentage of sub- jects declared the use of medicines or tablets without prescription. No significant difference in the percentage of respondent who perceived an excellent or good health was observed among substance users and non users. Conclusions: Substance abuse and health self-percep- tion in children and adolescents are the result of the inte- raction of a complex series of individual and social fac- tors. Activities aimed to improve health focusing on partial aspects of adolescents’ lifestyle most probably will have limited results, and global programs are required.[ES] Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio ha sido analizar el uso de sustancias tóxicas y la autopercepción del estado de salud en niños y adolescentes de la provincia de Cádiz. Metodología: Participaron 738 alumnos, 50.9% de chi- cos y 49.1% de chicas, que cursaban educación primaria y secundaria (desde 1º educación primaria a 2º de bachi- llerato, edad media 12,2 años), a los que se aplicó la ver- sión española del Inventario de Conductas de Salud en Escolares. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en el porcen- taje de chicos y chicas que fumaban o bebían alcohol. Los hábitos de consumo de tabaco y alcohol se incrementaban con la edad, alcanzando sus máximos valores en los alum- nos de bachillerato. Se encontraron diferencias significa- tivas en el porcentaje de fumadores y no fumadores que reconocían el tener padres, hermanos mayores o amigos que fumaban. El consumo de drogas ilegales era general- mente reducido, predominando la utilización del canna- bis. La mayoría de los sujetos tenían una percepción de su salud como excelente o buena. En torno a la mitad de los encuestados consideraban que la salud depende exclusi- vamente del propio comportamiento, aunque una parte importante también le otorgaba un papel relevante a la suerte. El dolor de estómago era el síntoma físico más fre- cuente, seguido del dolor de cabeza. Entre los síntomas psicológicos predominaban el nerviosismo y el estar irri- tado o enfadado. Solo un pequeño porcentaje declaraba consumir medicamentos o píldoras no prescritos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de los que reconocían una salud excelente o buena entre los usuarios y no usuarios de sustancias tóxicas. Conclusiones: El abuso de sustancias tóxicas y la auto- percepción del estado de salud en niños y adolescentes es el resultado de la interacción de una compleja serie de facto- res individuales y sociales. Las actividades diseñadas para la mejora de la salud centradas en aspectos parciales del estilo de vida tendrán probablemente resultados limitados, requiriéndose el desarrollo de programas globales.S

Dominance of the planktonic diatom Thalassiosira minima in recent summers in the Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina

The diatom Thalassiosira minima was first recorded in the Baha Blanca Estuary in 1992. In 19921993 it exhibited a broad seasonal occurrence. A recent survey (20062007) showed a seasonal appearance restricted mainly to summer together with a greater relative abundance within the phytoplankton. A close connection was found with warmer, more saline and highly turbid conditions experienced in recent summers in the estuary. Whether these changes will impact the estuary trophic dynamics remains an open question

Seasonal and interannual variability of cladoceran communities in two peri-alpine lakes: uncoupled response to the 2003 heat wave

Seasonal and interannual dynamics of cladoceran species were analyzed during the period 1995–2003 in two deep peri-alpine lakes morphologically different but subjected to similar regional climatic forcing. The seasonal succession of cladoceran species was characterized and the impact of extreme climatic events on the annual pattern of species succession was assessed. Using a multivariate method, we show that the cladoceran species display marked seasonality patterns that differed in the two lakes. The differences observed between the lakes were driven by their trophic state, the plankton species composition and the abundance of predators. We show that the sensitivity of the annual pattern of species succession to extreme weather changes, illustrated by the 2003 heat wave, differs markedly in these two lakes. In Lake Annecy, the annual pattern of cladoceran succession observed in 2003 is not different from the one usually observed. In contrast, in Lake Geneva, the annual pattern recorded in 2003 is unusual and characterized by the maintenance of herbivorous cladocera during summer. These findings underline the need to consider the morphology of lakes and trophic state in the assessment of ecological responses to global warming. Our results contribute to the debate about the predictability of the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems, and their extrapolation from one site to another

Smartphone-interrogated test supports for the enzymatic determination of putrescine and cadaverine in food

Diamino-oxidase (DAO), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) have been immobilized into cellulose to obtain circular cellulose test supports (CCTSs) for the determination of cadaverine (Cad) and putrescine (Put). During the enzymatic reaction, TMB is oxidized and a blue spot is obtained. This color (RGB coordinates) is measured with a smartphone and a commercial application. The highest sensitivity is provided by the component R and a linear response is observed for low biogenic amine (BA) concentrations, but a second-order polynomial response better fits the experimental results for a wider concentration range. This has been successfully explained with a model developed to explain the RGB values obtained in this type of analytical system. Optimization studies enable CCTSs to be obtained for Put and Cad determination, which could be used (kept at 4 °C) for at least 45 days if a stabilizer (StabilCoat™ or StabilGuard™) is added during its synthesis. In these conditions, the R coordinate follows the model up to at least 4 × 10-4 M Put and/or Cad (both analytes give the same response). The method permits the Put and Cad determination from 5 × 10-5 M up to 4 × 10-4 M (RSD = 3%, n = 3). The CCTSs have been applied to Put + Cad determination in a tuna sample without any interference by other biogenic amines. The concentration found statistically agrees with that obtained using a HPLC-MS-validated method

Physical and mathematical modeling of wave propagation in the Ariane 5 VEB structure

The separation of the lower stage of the ARIANE 5 Vehicle Equipment Bay (VEB) Structure is to be done using a pyrotechnic device. The wave propagation effects produced by the explosion can affect the electronic equipment, so it was decided to analyze, using both physical and numerical modeling, a small piece of the structure to determine the distribution of the accelerations and the relative importance of damping, stiffness, connections, etc. on the response of the equipment

Water safety plan at the Saharawi refugee camps in Tindouf (Algeria)

[EN] Since 1975, about 165,000 people from Western Sahara are living as refugees in the Sahara Desert near Tindouf (Algeria). Available water resources come from deep boreholes located up to tens of kilometers away from the settlements of the population, bulk water is treated in reverse osmosis plants and by chlorination systems and, after, distributed through a network of taps and water tankers. Water supply system complexity and extreme conditions force the elaboration of a Water Safety Plan, aiming to guarantee appropriate provision and quality of water. The plan follows a risk assessment methodology and establishes control mechanisms to minimize risk impacts, which are compiled in six action protocols for infrastructures and water quality monitoring. As a novel contribution, the proposed methodology developed in the refugee camps incorporates besides the conventional water quality assessment concepts, the analysis of the volume of supplied water, linked with some water-washed diseases. Since the end of 2014, those protocols have begun to be applied obtaining results that have a positive effect on the life quality of refugees.[ES] Desde 1975, unos 165 000 saharauis viven como refugiados en el desierto del Sahara cerca de Tindouf (Argelia). El agua disponible proviene de pozos profundos ubicados en algunos casos a decenas de kilómetros de distancia de los asentamientos de población, es tratada en plantas de ósmosis inversa y mediante cloración y, posteriormente, se distribuye mediante una red de grifos y camiones cisterna. La complejidad del sistema de abastecimiento y las condiciones extremas han obligado a la elaboración de un Plan de Seguridad del Agua con objeto de asegurar que el suministro ofrece una dotación suficiente y una calidad del agua adecuada. El plan sigue una metodología de evaluación de riesgos y establece mecanismos de control para minimizar su impacto, que se recogen en seis protocolos de actuación para las infraestructuras y el control de la calidad de agua. Como aportación novedosa la metodología desarrollada en los campamentos incorpora además de los tradicionales conceptos de calidad de agua, el análisis del volumen de agua suministrada, muy relacionada con algunas enfermedades hídricas. Desde finales de 2014, estos protocolos han comenzado a ser aplicados obteniéndose resultados que repercuten en la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas refugiadas.La redacción del PSA de los CRS se enmarca en el proyecto “Potable water supply for Sahrawi Refugees in the Tindouf Camps” perteneciente a la operación DZA ABC de ACNUR y financiado parcialmente por la Humanitarian aid and civil protection (ECHO) de la Unión Europea. Los autores quieren extender el agradecimiento a todos los miembros del MIAMA, al señor Ministro y a su Director de Cooperación Salem Buchraya, pionero del proyecto de abastecimiento, a los responsables de plantas de ósmosis y calidad de agua, Abdelfata Mohamed Salem y Chej Hamdi, y todos los técnicos del MIAMA, especialmente a nuestras compañeras de la Unidad de Calidad de Agua. También queremos agradecer el trabajo realizado por el equipo local de Solidaridad Internacional Andalucía en terreno, especialmente a Medhi Hamudi y Embarek Bachir verdaderas columnas vertebrales del proyecto.Por último, nos gustaría mencionar a Jaime Morell como Director Técnico del Proyecto de Abastecimiento en los CRS, emprendedor, impulsor y alma mater del mismo desde 2001 y a Javier Fernández, como el técnico responsable del diseño del sistema desde sus inicios y siempre disponible para echar una mano. Gracias al Consorcio de Aguas del Huesna, al Consorcio Municipal de Aguas de Sevilla y a Ingeniería Sin Fronteras por su compromiso continuado. Finalmente agradecer a Solidaridad Internacional Andalucía, impulsores del Proyecto Internacional para los Abastecimientos en los Campamentos de Refugiados Saharauis, el apoyo que nos han proporcionado y las facilidades que nos han dado durante estos años de duro trabajo.García, R.; Blanco, R.; Anta, J.; Naves, A.; Molinero, J. (2018). Plan de seguridad del agua en los Campos de Refugiados Saharauis en Tindouf (Argelia). Ingeniería del Agua. 22(1):37-52. doi:10.4995/ia.2018.7998SWORD3752221AECID. 2015. Memoria de actuación 2015. Campamentos de población refugiada saharaui. Disponible en: http://www.aecid.es/Centro-Documentacion [Última consulta: enero de 2018].Ainsworth, R. 2004. Safed piped water. Managing Microbial Water Quality in Piped Distribution Systems. WHO Press. Geneve.Argelia. 2011. Décret exécutif no 11-125 du 17 Rabie Ethani 1432 correspondant au 22 mars 2011 relatif à la qualité de l'eau de consommation humaine.Bartram, J., Corrales L, Davison, A., Deere, D., Drury, D., Gordon, B., Howard, G., Rinehold, A., Stevens, M. 2009. Manual para el desarrollo de planes de seguridad del agua: metodología pormenorizada de gestión de riesgos para proveedores de agua de consumo. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Ginebra.COSUDE. 2005. Género y agua: Integración de la equidad de género en las intervenciones de agua, higiene y saneamiento. Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación. Berna.Davison A., Howard G., Stevens, M., Fewtrell, L., Deere, D., y Bartram, J. 2002. Water safety plans. Protection of the human environment: Water, Sanitation and Health. World Health Organization, Geneva (WHO/SDE/WSH/02.09).Deere, D., Stevens, M., Davison, A., Helm, G., Dufour, A. 2001. Management Strategies. Water quality: guidelines, standards and health - assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease. Londres, Organización Mundial de la Salud, IWA Publishing, 2001:257-288.Docampo, E., Molinero J. 2006. Los abastecimientos en los campamentos de refugiados saharauis de Tindouf (Argelia). Un caso de explotación de acuíferos en una situación de sequía extrema. Disponible en: http://ingenierosdeminas.org/documentos/61213-abastecimientos-campamentos.pdf [Última consulta: enero de 2018].ECHO. 2015. Forgotten crisis assessment. European civil protection and humanitarian aid operations. Disponible en: http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/policies/strategy/fca_2013_2014.pdf [Última consulta: enero de 2018].MIAMA. 2011. Estrategia de Agua y Saneamiento de los campos de refugiados saharauis en Tindouf (2011-2016). Ministerio de Agua y Medio Ambiente (RASD). Campos de Refugiados Saharauis, Tindouf, Argelia.ONU. 1960. Declaración sobre la concesión de la independencia a los países y pueblos coloniales. Aprobada por la resolución 1514 (XV) de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (947ª sesión plenaria del 14 de diciembre de 1960). Disponible en: http://www.un.org/es/decolonization/declaration.shtml [Última consulta: enero de 2018].ONU. 1979. Question of western Sahara Resolución (34/37) adoptada en la 75ª sesión plenaria del Cuarto Comité, el 21 de noviembre de 1979.ONU. 2002a. Consejo de Seguridad (S/2002/161). Carta de fecha 29 de enero de 2002 dirigida al Presidente del Consejo de Seguridad por el Secretario General Adjunto de Asuntos Jurídicos.ONU, 2002 b. Vigesimo noveno período de sesiones. Observación general Nº 15. El derecho al agua (artículos 11 y 12 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales).ONU. 2006. Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2006. Más allá de la escasez: Poder, pobreza y la crisis mundial del agua. Mundi-Prensa Libros, Madrid.ONU. 2010. Sexuagésimo cuarto período de sesiones. Tema 48 del programa: El derecho humano al agua y el saneamiento. Resolución 64/292 aprobada por la Asamblea General el 28 de julio de 2010.ONU, 2017. Metas de los Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Disponible en: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/# [Última consulta: enero de 2018].Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S. 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd Ed. APHA, AWWA, WEF, Washington DC, USA.SIA. 2001. 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