Fluoride therapy of type I osteoporosis.

Sodium Fluoride (NaF) is the only medication so far clinically available with a bone formation stimulating property, through its peculiar mitogenic dose-dependent action on the osteoblast cell line. Bone strength is commensurate to bone mass, and in a condition with fragility fractures, like osteoporosis, it seems logical to restore bone mass without weakening bone strength. However, as with any active drug. NaF therapy requires adhesion to elementary rules if drawbacks are to be prevented. A first mandatory rule is not to prescribe NaF without calcium supplementation, if bone loss at the appendicular skeleton is to be avoided; to prevent this, the availability of monofluorophosphate (MFP), containing the fluoride and calcium salts in the same preparation has enhanced the compliance to calcium supplementation. A second rule is not to give supraphysiological doses of vitamin D, for the same reason. Third, if one wants to avoid a calcium shift from cortical to trabecular bone and osteomalacia, one should use small doses of NaF, of the order of 50 mg/day. With this in mind, the bioavailability of the drug has to be taken into account, particularly its gastrointestinal absorption which is dramatically enhanced if a plain non entericoated (EC) capsule is used, as compared to that of an EC tablet with the same face value. Too much NaF is deleterious to bone, a fact known for years. Already in 1972, it was noted that in all patients receiving 60 mg or more of NEC NaF, daily, morphologically abnormal bone developed and which appeared irregular and contained areas of incompletely mineralized bone. The bone was histologically and microradiographically normal in patients receiving 45 mg or less of NEC NaF/day. Fourth, NaF therapy is contraindicated in renal insufficiency owing to an enhanced retention in the skeleton. NaF is, however, by no means the ideal medication, because its therapeutic window is narrow. It has many bothersome drawbacks, and notably it is irritating for the gastric mucosa, a hazard which may be partly circumvented by the use of an Ec or slow release tablet. Furthermore, peripheral stress fractures may occur, and, in our experience, they were seen in 17% of patients, almost exclusively in females with a low lumbar BMD. Their occurrence should be curtailed by not allowing an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of more than 50%. This is a relatively benign complication, because no stress fracture degenerated into a complete fracture. In all cases, the stress fractures healed after a transitory drug discontinuation. If there is some concern about cortical bone, NaF therapy may be associated with an antiresorber like estrogens which will prevent any further bone loss, and does not impair the response to NaF. NaF therapy should be reserved for patients suffering chiefly from trabecular osteoporosis and should be avoided in senile osteoporosis, because of a frequently impaired renal function. Currently, we would recommend in clinical practice a daily dose of 50 mg EC-NaF or 150 mg Ca-MFP as the therapy of involutional osteoporosis in women, reserving the dose of 75 mg EC-NAF or 200 mg MFP for males or female patients resistant to lower dose. The therapy should be maintained for 2 to 3 years, or more, according to the bone response, taking into account that patients with the vertebral crush fracture syndrome have lost on average 30%, as compard to the young adult mean

Reduction of body temperature governs neutrophil retention in hibernating and nonhibernating animals by margination

<p>Low body temperature leads to decrease of circulating neutrophils due to margination in hibernating and nonhibernating animals. Hibernation consists of periods of low metabolism, called torpor, interspersed by euthermic arousal periods. During deep and daily (shallow) torpor, the number of circulating leukocytes decreases, although circulating cells, is restored to normal numbers upon arousal. Here, we show that neutropenia, during torpor, is solely a result of lowering of body temperature, as a reduction of circulating also occurred following forced hypothermia in summer euthermic hamsters and rats that do not hibernate. Splenectomy had no effect on reduction in circulating neutrophils during torpor. Margination of neutrophils to vessel walls appears to be the mechanism responsible for reduced numbers of neutrophils in hypothermic animals, as the effect is inhibited by pretreatment with dexamethasone. In conclusion, low body temperature in species that naturally use torpor or in nonhibernating species under forced hypothermia leads to a decrease of circulating neutrophils as a result of margination. These findings may be of clinical relevance, as they could explain, at in least part, the benefits and drawbacks of therapeutic hypothermia as used in trauma patients and during major surgery.</p>