Note: Thermal analog to atomic force microscopy force-displacement measurements for nanoscale interfacial contact resistance

Thermal diffusion measurements on polymethylmethacrylate-coated Si substrates using heated atomic force microscopy tips were performed to determine the contact resistance between an organic thin film and Si. The measurement methodology presented demonstrates how the thermal contrast signal obtained during a force-displacement ramp is used to quantify the resistance to heat transfer through an internal interface. The results also delineate the interrogation thickness beyond which thermal diffusion in the organic thin film is not affected appreciably by the underlying substrate

Measuring Condensation Heat Transfer on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Condensation heat transfer is significant in many applications such as desalination, energy conversion, atmospheric water harvesting, electronics cooling, and other high heat flux applications. However, condensate on the surface adds a thermal resistance that limits condensation rates. The rate of condensation heat transfer is inversely proportional to the diameter of the condensate drops. In industrial condensing systems, the resistance is minimized by removing the condensate via gravity or a vapor shear, but the minimum size of droplet removal is typically on the order of the capillary length of the condensate, about 2.7 mm for water

An Optical-based Aggregate Approach to Measuring Condensation Heat Transfer

Condensation heat transfer is significant in many applications such as such as desalination, energy conversion [1], atmospheric water harvesting [2, 3], electronics cooling, and other high heat flux applications [4]. However, condensate on the surface adds a thermal resistance that limits condensation rates. The rate of condensation heat transfer is inversely proportional to the diameter of the condensate drops [5]. In industrial condensing systems, the resistance is minimized by removing the condensate via gravity or a vapor shear, but the minimum size of droplet removal is typically on the order of the capillary length of the condensate, about 2.7 mm for water

3D Interdigitated Electrodes for Point-of-Care Electochemical Biosensing

Increased sensor sensitivity is important for enabling detection of low concentrations of target analyte. Being able to quickly and accurately detect low concentrations of proteins at point-of-care allows for results to be analyzed more easily and effectively. Vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) were patterned into interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and then functionalized with the representative protein streptavidin that was functionalized on the VACNT surfaces by covalent bonding (with EDC/NHS). Further detection was observed by binding biotin to the streptavidin. Fluorescence microscopy enabled the optimization of protein loading on VACNTs. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the electrodes and monitor the associated changes with the addition of streptavidin and biotin. A unique change in impedance is observed, which allows for monitoring the quantity of target analyte bound to the VACNT electrode surface with an observed 14x increase in resistance

Economic Optimization of a Concentrating Solar Power Plant With Molten-Salt Thermocline Storage

System-level simulation of a molten-salt thermocline tank is undertaken in response to year-long historical weather data and corresponding plant control. Such a simulation is enabled by combining a finite-volume model of the tank that includes a sufficiently faithful representation at low computation cost with a system-level power tower plant model. Annual plant performance of a 100 MW e molten-salt power tower plant is optimized as a function of the thermocline tank size and the plant solar multiple (SM). The effectiveness of the thermocline tank in storing and supplying hot molten salt to the power plant is found to exceed 99% over a year of operation, independent of tank size. The electrical output of the plant is characterized by its capacity factor (CF) over the year, which increases with solar multiple and thermocline tank size albeit with diminishing returns. The economic performance of the plant is characterized with a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) metric. A previous study conducted by the authors applied a simplified cost metric for plant performance. The current study applies a more comprehensive financial approach and observes a minimum cost of 12.2 ¢/kWh e with a solar multiple of 3 and a thermocline tank storage capacity of 16 h. While the thermocline tank concept is viable and economically feasible, additional plant improvements beyond those pertaining to storage are necessary to achieve grid parity with fossil fuels

Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sportâ The 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport Held in Zurich, November 2012

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147044/1/pmr2255.pd

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016