Stability and Metastability of Li3YCl6 and Li3HoCl6

[EN] Metastable solid electrolytes exhibit superior conductivity compared to stable ones, making them a subject of considerable interest. However, synthesis of the metastable phase is affected by multiple thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, leading to ambiguity in the organization of stability and metastability. In this study, we organized remnant and intermediate metastability based on temperature. The intermediate metastable phase, which is less stable than the temperature-independent stable phase, typically transforms into the stable phase(s) at high temperatures. In contrast, the remnant metastable phase is formed by first obtaining most stable phase at specific temperatures and then “trapping” it by rapidly changing the temperature. By investigating Li+ conducting chlorides, Li3MCl6 (M = Y and Ho), we demonstrated that heating starting materials to approximately 600 K produced low-temperature Li3MCl6 phase with one formula unit while further heating resulted in high-temperature Li3MCl6 phase with three formula units. Annealing quenched Li3MCl6 at 573 K resulted in a phase transition from the high-temperature to low-temperature phase, indicating that the high-temperature phase was remnant metastable at low temperatures.This research was partially supported by KAKENHI (Grant No. JP20KK0124), JST PRESTO (Grant Nos. JPMJPR21Q2 and JPMJPR21Q8), and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (21J11152).N

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Lack of sphingosine 1-phosphate-degrading enzymes in erythrocytes

Platelets are known to store a large amount of the bioactive lipid molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and to release it into the plasma in a stimuli-dependent manner. Erythrocytes can also release S1P, independently from any stimuli. We measured the S1P and sphingosine (Sph) levels in erythrocytes by HPLC and found that the contribution of erythrocyte S1P to whole blood S1P levels is actually higher than that of platelets. In vitro assays demonstrated that erythrocytes possess much weaker Sph kinase activity compared to platelets but lack the S1P-degrading activities of either S1P lyase or S1P phosphohydrolase. This combination may enable erythrocytes to maintain a high S1P content relative to Sph. The absence of both S1P-degrading enzymes has not been reported for other cell types. Thus, erythrocytes may be specialized cells for storing and supplying plasma S1P

Fast discharge–charge properties of FePS3 electrode for all-solid-state batteries using sulfide electrolytes and its stable diffusion path

We report the fast discharge–charge cycle of micro-sized FePS3 electrode particles in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) using sulfide electrolytes at 80°C. At a current density of 2.04 mA cm−2, corresponding to approximately 1 C, the capacity of the FePS3 electrodes reached ∼180 mAh g−1 without any electron or lithium-ion conductive additives. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements showed a stable diffusion path of FePS3 represented by the product of the diffusion coefficient and square of the surface area. These electrochemical properties were compared with those of FeS, whose capacity was lower because of its unstable diffusion path