THE MANAGEMENT OF LIQUIDITY RISK IN ISLAMIC BANKS: THE CASE OF INDONESIA

Islamic banking and finance has shown progressive development all over the world since its inception as a commercial banking model in mid-1970s. Indonesia, as the largest Moslem nation in the world, has initiated some policies to expand the Islamic banking industry in the country. Similar to conventional banks, Islamic banks face a number of risk areas, which may affect their performance and operations. One of such risk areas is liquidity risk, which shows additional features in the case of Islamic banks. Both the international banking standards and the Sharia guidance suggest that banks should have: robust liquidity risk management policies, a responsive asset and liability committee, effective information and internal control systems and, methods for managing deposits to reduce on-demand liquidity, to manage liquidity risk. The aim of this research, hence, is to analyze the management of liquidity risk in Islamic banks through balancing assets and liabilities with the ultimate objective to recommend policies to improve the management of liquidity risk. This aim is fulfilled in the case of Indonesian Islamic banking industry. The data collection and analysis method in this research involve triangulation method with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to achieve such aim and objective. Particularly, both the performance analysis of the industry and the econometric time series analysis were conducted to analyze the liquidity risk and its management for Islamic banking, which includes the liquidity behavior of banking depositors and Islamic banks. In addition, the primary data through questionnaire survey was also assembled with the aim of knowing the actual practices and problems of managing liquidity risk. It was investigated from the perceptions of Islamic banking depositors and Islamic bankers to shed further lights on the liquidity risk issues, which were not captured in the time-series analysis. The empirical analyses conducted in this research demonstrate: (i) the non optimal organizational structure of Islamic banks to manage liquidity, (ii) the significant demand for liquidity withdrawals from depositors and fragility of Islamic banks to mitigate certain scenarios of liquidity withdrawals, (iii) critical factors explaining liquidity behavior of banking depositors and Islamic banks, (iv) reasons for depositors to withdraw funds from Islamic banks and the non ideal management of funds by Islamic banks and, (v) the limited Islamic money market instruments to manage the demand for liquidity from depositors. Based on these findings, the research then constructs an integrated and comprehensive program to manage liquidity risk, which consists of three elements: (i) institutional deepening, (ii) restructuring the management of liquidity on the asset and liability sides and, (iii) revitalizing the usage of Islamic liquid instruments. This integrated and comprehensive program of liquidity risk management recommends a better way of managing liquidity risk based on Sharia compliant instruments and international standard banking practice

PENELITIAN TENTANG APAKAH PENERAPAN OTONOMI DAERAH KHUSUSNYA ALOKASI DANA PERIMBANGAN KEUANGAN PUSAT DAN DAERAH (PKPD) DAN NON-PKPD SELAMA TAHUN 2001 TELAH MEMBERIKAN DAMPAK KEPADA PENGENDALIAN MONETER ?

Paper ini akan mencoba membahas dampak penerapan otonomi daerah, khususnya dampak alokasi atau penyaluran dana perimbangan keuangan pusat dan daerah terhadap pengendalian moneter selama periode pertama (tahun pertama) penerapan otonomi daerah. Langkah pertama yaitu mencoba menghitung besarnya alokasi dana perimbangan yang diterima tiap daerah di Indonesia, kedua, kemana dana tersebut dialokasikan/ditempatkan oleh masing-masing daerah (perbankan di daerah), ketiga, apakah ada pencairan dana dan kesimpulan serta langkah-langkah yang dapat diambil oleh otoritas moneter untuk menghadapi pelaksanaan otonomi daerah tahun depan

THE LESS-INTERRESTED OF ISLAMIC BANK FOR ISSUING SUKUK: Factors and Recommendations

This study attempts to identify dominant factors for banks to issue sukuk and emission features. Applying interviews and Analytic Network Process, this paper Found that the sub-elements which are dominant in influencing IB less interested in issuing sukuk, namely: averse selection/amount cost of fund (management), investment rating companies (investor), the results of using sukuk funds (regulation) and profitability condition (finance). Meanwhile, the sub-elements which are dominant in determining the features of the issuance of sukuk are: macroeconomic condition (emission values), expectations of investors (return)), the contract and the structure of sukuk (collateral), managing mismatch (period), and company liquidity (payment term).  The method used in this reseach is the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This study will identify the aspects of emission factors and features.***Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan identifikasi faktor-faktor dominan dalam persoalan sukuk dan ciri-ciri pengeluarannya. Menerapkan teknik wawan­cara dan proses jejaring analitis, makalah ini menemukan bahwa sub-sub elemen yang dominan mempengaruhi kurang menariknya IB dalam persoalan sukuk, adalah: menolak seleksi/jumlah pembiayaan (manajemen), rating investasi perusahaan (investor), hasil-hasil penerapan pembiayaan sukuk (regulasi) dan kondisi profitabilitas (keuangan). Sementara itu, sub-sub elemen yang dominan dalam menentukan ciri-ciri pengeluaran sukuk adalah: kondisi makro ekonomi (nilai pengeluaran), ekspektasi dari investor (keuntungan), kontrak dan struktur sukuk (jaminan), pengelolaan yang tidak sebanding (waktu) dan likuiditas perusahaan (syarat-syarat pembayaran). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Analytic Network Process (ANP). Penelitian ini akan mengidentifikasi aspek faktor emisi dan fitur. ANP adalah teori matematika dalam pengambilan keputusan yang mampu menganalisis pengaruh melalui asumsi untuk memecahkan berbagai masalah

ANALISIS INTERAKSI DAN KONTRIBUSI SBIS JUALAH DENGAN PENYALURAN PEMBIAYAAN PERBANKAN SYARIAH

In Indonesia, the development of Islamic banking has increased significantly from year to year. Controlling the money supply through financing can be used with SBIS selling contracts as one of the sharia monetary policy instruments. The purpose of this research is to see how far the interaction and contribution of SBIS selling contracts with Islamic banking financing. The analytical method used is VECM. The results show that the causality between these two variables is not significant and for the interaction response both show stability in both the short and long term. This research recommends that SBIS is not only in the form of a ju'alah contract but also the implementation of the contracts given by the MUI

Pengukuran Risiko Operasional Pada Bank Syariah Indonesia (Studi Kasus Bank Syariah XYZ)

The research aimed at calculating the Operational Value at Risk (OpVar) in estimating the probability of the frequency of losses at Sharia Bank of XYZ, analyzing and assessing the event types of operational risks which have a great contribution in the operational losses of the bank, and determining the efficiency levels of the operational value at risk of capital charges of the bank. Measurement of operational risk in this study was conducted using the Loss Distribution Approach (LDA) Aggregated Model, as one of the Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA) models, which theoretically produces more efficient capital charges. The results showed that the contribution of the biggest losses came from the events of business disruption and system failure, execution, delivery & process management and internal fraud. The calculation of the operational risk of the bank conducted using the LDA-Aggregate produced lower capital charges than those using the Basic Indicator Approach. Keywords: Islamic bank, operational risk measurement, advanced measurement approach, loss distribution approach Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan perhitungan Operational Value at Risk (OpVaR) untuk mengestimasi peluang kejadian kerugian (probability of the frequency of losses) di bank syariah xyz; menganalisis dan mengevaluasi tipe kejadian risiko operasional yang berkontribusi besar pada kerugian operasional bank syariah xyz; menentukan besarnya tingkat efisiensi beban modal risiko operasional bank syariah xyz. Pengukuran risiko operasional dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Loss Distribution Approach (LDA) Aggregated Model sebagai salah satu internal model Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA) yang secara teori menghasilkan beban modal yang lebih efisien. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kerugian terbesar terdapat pada tipe kejadian business disruption & system failure, execution, delivery & process management dan internal fraud. Perhitungan risiko operasional bank syariah xyz dengan menggunakan Metode LDA-Aggregate menghasilkan beban modal yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan penggunaan metode Basic Indicator Approach. Kata kunci: bank syariah, pengukuran risiko operasional, advanced measurement approach, loss distribution approac

The Monetary Policy in Indonesia: in the Perspective of Islamic Economics

The writing is based on my concern on the monetary policy in Indonesia which is not fully in accordance with the Islamic teaching. Among all, the monetary policy doesn’t pay attention to the real sector. It can be seen from the sectorial dichotomy between the real and monetary sectors whereas in Islamic economics, monetary policy is only a representative of the real sector. The paper is a literary research with the approach of comparative study between Islamic monetary policy and the monetary policy employed in Indonesia. The research result is a composition of a transmission model from the perspective of Islamic economics which is based on BI Return (sharing) by creating a diagram and then explaining some thoughts of Muslim and western economists such as Stieglitz to create a monetary policy which gets along with the real sector. The model is an observational result to the monetary condition in Indonesia which is then compared to Islamic monetary thought. This model will gain good result when all transmissions of monetary policy are applied effectively.</p

Preferences and Perceptions of MSME Entrepreneurs Towards Islamic Banking QRIS Products and Services in the City of Medan Post COVID 19 era

Purpose: This research as determine the perception of MSME entrepreneurs in the city of Medan in the post-covid-19 era.   Design/methodology/approach: This type of research is field research by conducting interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) conducted on MSME entrepreneurs in Medan City who use QRIS and how their preferences and perceptions are, especially for culinary entrepreneurs.   Findings: The results of this study are the tendency of MSME entrepreneurs to prefer cashless transactions instead of QRIS because there are network constraints, lack of consistency in real time when transacting, administrative costs are imposed for MSME entrepreneurs so that they tend to cashless transactions other than QRIS so that MSME entrepreneurs do not prioritize the use of QRIS. Furthermore, from the perception of post-covid-19 era MSME entrepreneurs that purchasing power is low, however, the use of QRIS has not shown an increase in business income.   Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: Demonstrate the use of QRIS services that can increase the business income of MSME Users.   Originality/value:  This research provides an affirmation in the thinking of the use of QRIS services that can be developed in a more comprehensive and in-depth research. On preferences and perceptions of MSME and their competencies, considering perception entrepreneurs that purchasing use QRIS

Risiko Pembiayaan dan Determinannya pada Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia

One major problem of Islamic banking in Indonesia today is the high Non-Performing Financing (NPF) with its ratio amounted to 5.68% in June 2016. This paper aimed to identify and examine both macroeconomic and bank-specific factors affecting NPF ratio of Islamic banking. Particularly, it used the panel data regression method with a monthly data basis of eleven Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. Furthermore, there were two periods examined i.e. from December 2011 to June 2016 (no specific restrictions on economic performance) and from February 2013 to January 2015 (restriction on economic performance). Technically, the dependent variable was NPF ratio (NPF) and the independent variables were Industrial Production Index (IPI), Real Sales Index (IPR), the difference between the BI Rate and inflation (BIREAL), the exchange rate of Rupiah against the US Dollar (EXR), the annual growth of financing (GFINY ), the ratio of financing to total assets (FINTA), the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Return on Assets ratio (ROA), the coverage of loan loss provision (CKPN), and the concentration of financing in the real estate sector (REFIN). The results showed that in the two periods examined, NPF was significantly influenced by the internal factors. In the first period, NPF was significantly influenced by GFINY, CKPN, and REFIN while in the second period, NPF was significantly influenced by CAR, ROA, CPKN, and REFIN. This shows that the quality of risk management implementation, profitability and capital are important factors in reducing the NPF ratio. Keywords: financing risk, credit risk, Islamic banking, panel data, fixed effects mode

THE PROSPECTS FOR ISLAMIC SOCIAL BANKING IN INDONESIA

Despite significant growth and development in recent years, Islamic banking (IB) continues to face widespread criticism due to its apparently weak social outcomes. This study investigates the social performance of Islamic banking in Indonesia, including its justification as an IB objective and the means of improvement. We surveyed 506 current and potential Islamic banking customers across six Indonesian provinces, combined with in-depth interviews with 10 Islamic banking experts consisting of regulators, practitioners, Sharia scholars, and academics. The findings strengthen previous results on the topic in that 42.89% of respondents consider that IB in Indonesia is socially defensive (doing the least that is required in terms of social outcomes), while 6.92% believe that it is reactive (doing less than that required). Of the remaining respondents, 34.78% consider the social performance as accommodative (doing all that is required) and 15.42% see it as proactive (doing more than is required). Most respondents (52.96%) suggest improvement by combining corporate social responsibility and the ZIS ( Zakat, Infaq, shadaqah)- Waqf system. Only some (7.11%) suggest the establishment of Islamic social banking, whose main feature would be to design an alternative to collateral so that low- and middle-income customers could more readily access bank financing. We recommend that regulators and practitioners take action to address these challenges through incentives and long-term strategic planning